Transcript THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Journal Entry #8
Copy AND Answer
May 8, 2012
Tuesday
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True OR False:
1. All societies have school systems.
2. Violence and other criminal activity are not
a problem for schools in the United States.
3. Belief systems vary little from religion to
religion.
Place H.W. on your
desk!
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
All societies have school systems:
 True: All societies formally organize schools
because that is the most effective way to pass
on norms , values, and skills.
 False: Education in small pre-industrial
societies takes place within the family, and
children learn by participating in adult
activities.
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Violence and other criminal activity are not a
problem for schools in the United States.
 True: With rare exceptions, American public
schools are generally safe institutions of
learning for students.
 False: School safety is a growing issue of
concern in the United States today as a result
of several well-publicized incidents of school
violence.
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Belief systems vary little from religion to
religion.
 True: Human efforts to understand life’s
mysteries have always focused on worshiping
one or more supreme beings.
 False: Religions around the world vary in their
forms of worship, beliefs, and practices.
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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Game Plan for Today:
 Go over Chapter 12 Quiz
 2 QUIZ GRADES
 Chapter 14:1
 The Sociology of Education
 Activity
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UPDATE:
Chapter 14 AND 17 will be combined into
ONE
Test AND Notebook Check
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Focus and Review 11/30
 This will be step 1 in a 45 minute- 1 hour long
activity in class, you must focus and work
diligently
 Why are you in school? What are the reasons
that school exists?
 From a sociological perspective
 List using bulleted form
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Activity Extending Focus and Review
 WITH A PARTNER:
 Review the 3 main perspectives of Sociology.
 What are they?
 With your partner, attach one of the three
philosophies to each of your reasons for being in
school.
 Share out, help the class complete the chart
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(popcorn)
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Functionalist
Conflict
Interactionist
SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Prepare for everyday
life
Dealing with problems
Meet new people
It’s the law
In order to keep kids
out of trouble
Learn social skilla
To get into college
Assigning students to
schools in their
neighborhood
Student-teacher
relationships
Prepare for the
workforce, especially
skilled jobs
Students demeaning
others based on wealth
Diversity
Teach future
generations
Establish levels of
courses- honors vs reg
(counselors)
Teaches morals and
beliefs
Tracking
Learn social norms
To get into college
Threats, detention, BE
OBEDIENT!
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UNEQUAL ACCESS
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Now, again add to your focus and
review:
 Brainstorm with your partner what you
consider to be the perfect education system.
Make sure you LIST the basic needs you
want your education system to meet….at
least 5.
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CHAPTER 14
Education and Religion
Section 1: The Sociology of Education
Section 2: The Sociology of Religion
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Chapter 14: Section 1
The Sociology of Education
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Section 1: The Sociology of Education
Objectives:
 Explain how the views of functionalist,
conflict, and interactionist sociologists differ
concerning education.
 Identify some of the current issues in
American education.
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Take notes by hand on 10 slides
 Slides will have this symbol on them if you
need to have that information:
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What is Education??
 Consists of the roles and norms that ensure
the transmission of knowledge, values, and
patterns of behavior from one generation to the
next.
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What is Schooling?
 Formal education, which involves instruction
by specially trained teachers who follow
officially recognized policies.
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Did You Know??
 The world school has its origins in the Greek word
for leisure. Although school might not feel like a
leisure activity, the word’s origins reveal the early
history of education. Before industrialization, only
the wealthy and some members of the clergy were
formally educated. These groups had enough leisure
time to devote to study. Modern formal education
began to develop after industrialization led to the
need to train people for specific jobs and after child
labor laws freed children from having to work.
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?????
 What two major events helped contribute to
the development of modern education?
Industrialization and child labor laws
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Different sociological perspectives
on education
 Functionalist
 Conflict
 Interactionist
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Focus and review
 One of the views of the conflict perspective is
that opportunities for success in education are
distributed unequally.
 List 4-5 evidences of unequal opportunities in
education and briefly explain why you believe that
is an evidence of unequal opportunity.
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Comparing Functionalist, Conflict,
and Interactionist Perspectives of
Education
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Section 1: The Sociology of Education
Functionalist Perspective: START
HERE
 Functionalist – schools help maintain the stability
and smooth operation of society.
 Teaching Knowledge and Skills: Core curriculum
 Transmission of Culture: Patriotism, cooperation,
obeying rules, respecting authority.
 Social Integration: “Melting Pot”
 Occupational Placement: Training young people for the
“real world”; College examinations in Japan
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Conflict Perspective:
 Conflict – the educational system serves to
limit the potential of certain people and
groups to gain power and social rewards.
 Social Control: Goal is to produce cooperative
adult workers who will willingly accept the
demands of those in power.
 Hidden curriculum: transmission by schools of
cultural goals that are NOT openly acknowledged.
 EX: Be punctual, stand in line, obey authority, etc….
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Conflict Perspective (cont’d)
 Tracking: involves the assignment of students to
different types of educational programs, such as
general studies, vocational training, and college
preparatory studies.
 Conflict sociologists view tracking as a means by which
the wealthy and powerful maintain their position in
society, AND is a method of classroom instruction that
focuses on different tracks that serve to maintain the
status quo.
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Conflict Perspective (cont’d)
 Education and Socioeconomic Status:
 Educational achievement appears to be tied strongly
to socioeconomic status.
 EX: Minority groups tend to have less educational
success.
 Conflict theorists believe that socioeconomic status
affects the following:
 Expectations families have for child’s
achievement
 Home environment
 Paying for expenses for college
Turn to pg. 355
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Case Study:
 A 2001 Chicago Tribune study examined the
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relationship between student achievement and
spending per student in about 800 school
districts. The results found that spending per
student did NOT have a significant effect on
student achievement. For example, one school
that spent about $5,900 per student had the
same percentage of students pass tests – 93% as a school that spent about $10,600 per
student…..continued…. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
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 HOWEVER, a recent study by the Harvard
Graduate School of Education did find a link
between low income and the development of
children below school age. The study
examined children from birth to age 3 and
found that increases in family income
resulted in improved learning and
development.
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Why????
What do you think is the reason
for these results?
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Focus/Review
 Turn to pg. 359
 Answer #1
 A second question:
 Do you think we should give
parents $$$ to pay for their child
to go to private school?
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Interactionist Perspective:
 Interactionist – students’ educational
achievements and success are shaped in part
by teacher-student interactions.
 Teachers let students know what is expected of
them, and the students perform according to these
expectations: self-fulfilling prophecy
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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
SECTION 1
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
SOCIOLOGY
The Sociology of Education
to address a decline in the level
of the quality of education; has
led to some improvements
provides school choice through
vouchers, charter schools, and
options such as homeschooling
• educational
reform
• educational alternatives
• violence in the schools
has led to the use of security
measures, zero tolerance policies,
and conflict-resolution programs
• bilingual education
controversial, particularly in
states with many Hispanics; has
led to “English Only” movement
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A few definitions:
1. Charter schools: funded with public money but
are privately operated and run.
2. School Choice: Parents may receive a voucher equal
to the amount their state spends on education for their
child. Parents are then free to use the voucher to
pay tuition at the school of their choice – charter,
private, religious.
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Turn to Page 359
 Question #1:
 For: They offer innovative approaches to
curriculum and teaching , enable students to learn
in small-school settings, and have shown rising test
scores and graduation rates.
 Against: Charter schools have not been operating
long enough for test scores and graduation rates to
measure success; they serve only a small segment
of society, and they offer little more than basic
curriculum while taking public school funding.
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Question #2:
 Agree:
 To provide equal education opportunities and to
ensure adequate educational standards, all schools
should operate under the SAME rules and
regulations.
 Disagree:
 Private schools do NOT receive government
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funding and so should not have to operate under
the same rules and regulations that public schools
do…..however, does not address issues of charter
schools.
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More definitions:
3. Homeschooling:
 A system in which a child’s main education
is undertaken by parents at home.
Score just as high on SAT and attend
college
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









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Why do Parents Prefer Homeschooling?
48.9%  Can give child a better education at home.
38.4%  Religious reasons
25.6%  Poor learning environment at school
16.8%  Family reasons
15.1%  To develop character/morality
12.1%  Object to what school teaches
11.6%  School does NOT challenge child
11.5%  Other problems with available schools
9.0%  Student behavior problems at school
8.2%  child has special needs/ disability
1999 study by Department of Education
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AND some more definitions:
4. Zero tolerance:
 A set of policies created to prevent school
violence.
5. Bilingual education: a system in which nonEnglish-speaking students are taught in their
native languages until they are proficient
enough in English to attend regular classes.
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 What are some arguments FOR bilingual
education?
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6. “English Only”:
 Movement that has tried to end bilingual
education by having English declared as the
official recognized language.
 More than 20 states around U.S. have already passed
laws making English their official language!
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 What are some arguments AGAINST bilingual
education (aka for english-only)
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Continue Waiting for Superman
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Video: Stupid in America
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx4pN-aiofw
 In your F & R book, write down some ideas
presented in the video for educational reform.
 At the end of the video, I want you to rank
these ideas from best to worst, in your opinion.
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The Sociology of Religion
Chapter 14: Section 2
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Section 2: The Sociology of Religion
Objectives:
 Identify the basic societal needs that
religion serves.
 Describe the distinctive features of
religion in American society.
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Focus/Review
 Sacred objects and practices are those objects
and practices that inspire awe, that are
considered part of the supernatural world, or
that represent the supernatural world.
 List all sacred objects or practices of any world
religion that you can think of.
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Sacred & Profane
at heart of all religions:
 Sacred:
 Anything that is considered to be part of the
supernatural world and that inspires respect
and reverence.
 Profane:
Anything considered to be part of the
ordinary world and, thus, common place
and familiar.
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Need some examples???
 Cow:
 Hindu  sacred
 Christian  profane
 Wafer:
 Christian  sacred
 Hindu  profane
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The city of Jerusalem in Israel is
considered a sacred site in what
three major world religions???
Christianity, Islam, and Judaism
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What do you think?
 According to conflict theorists, what
problems might result from 3 major religions
sharing a sacred site?
 It might lead to tensions and conflict among
the different religious groups, which has
indeed been the case in Jerusalem.
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What is Religion??
 Defined as a system of roles and norms that is
organized around the sacred realm and that
binds people together in social groups.
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Why are sociologists concerned about religion??
 They focus on social characteristics of
religion and consequences that religion
has for society.
EX: Functions of religion
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What do you think?
What are some functions of religion?
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Section 2: The Sociology of Religion
Functions of Religion
1. Social Cohesion – strengthening of bonds among
people; sense of belonging; less suicides.
2. Social Control – encourages conformity to the
norms of society; Confession & Communion.
3. Emotional Support – to provide emotional support
during difficult times (EX: death)
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The Nature of Religion:
Rituals & Symbols
Belief Systems
Organizational Structures
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Rituals & Symbols:
 Ritual:
 Established pattern of behavior through
which a group of believers experiences
the sacred.
Examples:
Baptisms, weddings, funerals,
worship services, etc….
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Belief Systems:
3 main basic types:
Animism
Theism
Ethicalism
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Animism:
 A belief that spirits actively influence human
life.
 EX: Animals, plants, rivers, mountains, wind,
etc….
 Supernatural forces used to
human advantage.
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Types of Animism:
1. Shamanism:
•
•
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Believed that spirits communicate only with one
person in the group, called the shaman.
Shaman can communicate with spirits and heal
the sick, predict the future, and see events
happening far away.
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2. Totemism:
• Belief in kinship
between humans
and animals or natural
objects.
• Totem is considered sacred
• Seen as helpful protectors
who watch over the group.
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Theism:
 The belief in a god or gods.
 Monotheism: belief on ONE god
EX: Judaism, Christianity, Islam.
 Polytheism: belief in a number of gods.
EX: Hinduism
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Ethicalism
 Based on idea that moral principles have a
sacred quality.
 Involves meditation and purity.
EX: Buddhism
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Organizational Structures:
4 types:
Ecclesia
Denominations
Sects
Cults
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Ecclesia:
 Type of religious organization in which
most people in the society are members by
virtue of their birth.
 EX: Islam in Iran
 State church, connected with government,
have power, do not recognize other religions
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Denomination:
 Well-established religious organization in
which a substantial number of the
population are members.
 EX: Baptist, Presbyterian, etc….
 Often tolerant, allow for converts
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Sect:
 Relatively small religious organization that
typically has split off from a denomination
because of differences concerning
beliefs.
 EX: Jehovah's Witnesses
 Often claim exclusive religious truth and often
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are not tolerant
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Cult:
 New religion whose beliefs and practices
differ markedly from those of the society’s
major religions.
 Followers are usually disillusions by traditional
religion and by life in general.
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 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDiiUkjp0Vw
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Religion in American Society:
Religious Affiliation
Religious Participation
Fundamentalist Christianity
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Identify any religious aspects of this $1 bill:
FYI: The eye is called the Eye of Providence and the Latin motto ‘Annuit
Coeptis”’ means “He [God] has favored our undertakings”.
What can you conclude from these religious elements on U.S. currency?
That American society is predominantly and historically Christian.
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Religious Affiliation
 90% of Americans say they believe in God
 66%: affiliated with some religious
organization.
 Most people in U.S. are:
 Christians, Muslims, Jewish
Turn to pg. 370
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Religious Participation:
 About 34% attend religious services on a
REGULAR basis.
 Women, African Americans, and older
citizens:
 More likely to attend church.
 Catholics more likely to attend compared to
Protestants.
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Sociologists find it difficult to measure…
 Religiosity:
 The depth of people’s religious feelings
and how they translate these feelings into
behavior.
 Sociologists believe that American society
is becoming more secular
Religion is losing its influence in everyday life
in the U.S.
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What do you think??
 Do you think that American society is
becoming more secular??
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Fundamentalist Christianity:
 Increasing in U.S.
 Share a commitment to bringing Jesus
Christ into the lives of all nonbelievers.
 Believe in “born again” concept.
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Let’s Go Over 14:2 Homework:
Pg. 371
AND
Pg. ?
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End of Chapter 14
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Homework due Tomorrow:
Pg. 372
#1-4 (Understanding Main Ideas)
#1-5 (Thinking Critically)
Pg. 373
(#1-4)
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Activity Time
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What’s Next???
Chapter 17:1
Collective Behavior
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