Transcript race - Redlands Community College

Chapter 10
Race and Ethnicity
Chapter Outline
• Defining Race and Ethnicity
• Race and Ethnic Relations
• Theories of Race and Ethnic
Relations
• Some Advantages of Ethnicity
• The Future of Race and Ethnicity
*Race, Biology and Society
• Race refers to socially significant
physical differences, such as skin
color, rather than biological
differences that determine
behavioral traits.
• Racial distinctions are social
constructs, not biological “givens.”
*The Social Construction of Race
• Many scholars believe we belong to one
human race which originated in Africa.
• Migration, geographical separation, and
inbreeding led to the formation of more or
less distinct races.
• Humanity has experienced so much
intermixing that race as a biological category
has lost meaning.
• Sociologists use the term “race” because
perceptions of race affect the lives of most
people profoundly.
Question
• During the last few years, has
anyone in your family brought a
friend who was a different race
home for dinner?
GSS National Data
Race
White
Black
Yes
32.3%
51%
NO
67.7%
49%
*Ethnicity, Culture, and
Social Structure
• Race is to biology as ethnicity is to
culture.
• race - a category of people whose
perceived physical markers are
deemed socially significant.
• ethnic group - composed of people
whose perceived cultural markers are
deemed socially significant.
Question
• Prejudice is:
a. an attitude that judges a person
on his or her group’s real or
imagined characteristics
b. unfair treatment of people due to
their group membership
c. directed toward people whose
cultural markers are socially
significant
Answer: a.
• Prejudice is an attitude that
judges a person on his or her
group’s real or imagined
characteristics.
*Ethnic Groups
• Differ in:
–Language
–Religion
–Customs
–Values
*Prejudice and Discrimination
• Prejudice is an attitude that
judges a person according to his
or her group’s real or imagined
characteristics.
• Discrimination is unfair
treatment of people because of
their group membership.
*The Vicious Cycle of Racism
*Hate Crimes
• Criminal incidents motivated by a
person’s race, religion, or ethnicity.
• In 2003 the FBI recorded 7,489 hate
crimes, each incident may involve
multiple offenses.
–8,715 total offenses were recorded.
• The most frequent victims of hate crimes
are African Americans, who were the
object of nearly 35% of all offenses.
Question
Think about Whites in the U.S. compared to
ethnic and racial minority groups. To what
extent do you agree with the following:
Whites as a group are very distinct and
different from ethnic and racial minority
groups.
a. Strongly agree
b. Agree somewhat
c. Unsure
d. Disagree somewhat
e. Strongly disagree
*Minority Group
• A group of people who are
socially disadvantaged, even if
they are in the numerical majority
(e.g., the blacks of South Africa).
Hispanic Americans
• According to the U.S. Census
Bureau, nearly 39 million Hispanic
Americans lived in the United
States in 2003.
• The Bureau predicts they will
number more than 96 million in
2050.
*Racial and Ethnic Composition
Population by Hispanic
Origin and Region, 2002
Puerto
Mexican Rican Cuban Other
Northeast
2.4
58.0
13.3
30.2
Midwest
8.7
8.5
3.0
4.8
South
34.3
27.0
75.1
32.6
West
54.6
6.4
8.5
32.4
*Ethnic Enclave
• A spatial concentration of ethnic
group members who establish
businesses that serve and employ
mainly members of the ethnic
group and reinvest profits in
community businesses and
organizations.
*Ethnic Groups in the Soviet
Union by Republic, 1979
*Symbolic Ethnicity
• A nostalgic allegiance to the
culture of the immigrant
generation, or that of the old
country, that is not usually
incorporated into everyday
behavior.
*Racism
• The belief that a visible characteristic of a
group, such as skin color, indicates group
inferiority and justifies discrimination.
• Institutional racism is bias that is inherent
in social institutions and is often not noticed
by members of the majority group.
• Examples:
– When police single out African Americans
for car searches.
– When department stores tell floorwalkers
to watch for African American shoplifters.
*Question
• In the past few years, do you
think conditions for black people
have improved, gotten worse,
or stayed about the same?
*GSS National Data
Race
White
Black
Improved
67.8%
45.8%
Stayed the
Same
26.9%
41.5%
Gotten
Worse
5.3%
12.7%
*Stages of Ecological Theory
1. Invasion.
– One group tries to move into the territory of another.
2. Resistance.
– The established group tries to defend its territory and
institutions
3. Competition.
– The groups compete for scarce resources.
4. Accommodation & Cooperation
– The groups work out an understanding of what to
segregate, divide, and share.
5. Assimilation.
– The minority blends into the majority population and
eventually disappears as a distinct group.
*Internal Colonialism
• Involves one race or ethnic group
subjugating another in the same
country.
• Prevents assimilation by
segregating the subordinate group
in terms of jobs, housing, and social
contacts.
*Split Labor Markets
• In split labor markets, low-wage
workers of one race and highwage workers of another race
compete for the same jobs.
• High-wage workers resent the
low-wage competitors, resulting
in conflict and the development of
racist attitudes
*Native Americans
Expulsion and genocide best describe
the treatment of Native Americans by
European settlers in the 19th century.
– Expulsion is the forcible removal of a
population from a territory claimed by
another population.
– Genocide is the intentional
extermination of an entire
population defined as a race
or a people.
*Native Americans
• 1830 Indian Removal Act - Called for
relocation of all Native Americans to land
west of the Mississippi.
• In the “Trail of Tears,” the U.S. Army
rounded up all 16,000 Cherokees and
marched them to Oklahoma.
– 4,000 Cherokees died.
• Late 19th century - government
adopted a policy of forced
assimilation.
*Native Americans
•1930’s and 40s - Roosevelt adopted a more
liberal policy:
– Prohibited further breakup of Native lands.
– Encouraged Native self-rule & cultural preservation.
•1950s - government proposed to
– end the reservation system
– deny sovereign status of the tribes
– cut off government services
– stop protecting Indian lands held in trust for the tribes.
•The proposal was not implemented
due to strong resistance by the
Native-American community.
*Casino Revenue per Tribal
Member, Selected Tribes, 2001
Tribe
Casino
Population Revenue per
Member
Mashantucket
Pequot
677
$1,624,815
Santa Ynez
159
$1,257,862
Miccosukee
Tribe
400
$250,000
Seminole Tribe
2,817
$87,862
*Casino Revenue per Tribal
Member, Selected Tribes, 2001
Tribe
Casino
Population Revenue per
Member
Mississippi
Choctaw
8,823
$25,047
Hopi Tribe
11,267
$0
Navajo Nation
260,010
$0
Question
• The words that best describe the
treatment of Native Americans by
European settlers in the 19th
century are:
a. expulsion and genocide
b. prejudice and discrimination
c. scapegoat and minority group
d. race and ethnicity
Answer: a.
• The words that best describe
the treatment of Native
Americans by European settlers
in the 19th century are
expulsion and genocide.
*Slavery
• Ownership and control of people.
• By about 1800, 24 million Africans
had been transported on slave ships
to North, Central, & South America.
–11 million survived the passage.
• Fewer than 10% of the
survivors arrived in the
United States.
*Slavery
• Because the birthrate of African slaves
in the U.S. was so high, nearly 30% of
the black population in the New World
was living in the U.S. by 1825.
• By the outbreak of the Civil War, 4.4
million black slaves lived in the U.S.
– The cotton and tobacco
economy of depended
on their labor.
*Slavery
• Even after slavery was banned
in 1863, Jim Crow laws kept
blacks from voting, attending white schools,
and participating equally in social institutions.
• In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court approved
segregation when it ruled that separate
facilities for blacks and whites were legal as
long as they were of nominally equal quality.
*Chinese Americans
• In 1882 Congress passed an act
prohibiting the immigration of three
classes of people into the United
States for 10 years: lunatics, idiots,
and Chinese.
• The act was extended for another decade in 1892,
made permanent in 1907, and repealed in 1943,
when Congress established a quota of a grand total
of 105 Chinese immigrants per year.
• Chinese Americans have experienced
considerable upward mobility in the past
half century.
• More than 30% of Chinese Americans
now marry whites.
*Percent Foreign Born,
United States, 1900–2003
*Top 10 Countries of Origin of Foreign-Born
Americans, 1900, 1960, 2000
1900
1960
2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Germany
Ireland
Canada
Great Britain
Sweden
Italy
Soviet Union
Poland
Italy
Germany
Canada
Great Britain
Poland
Soviet Union
Mexico
Ireland
Mexico
China
Philippines
India
Cuba
Vietnam
El Salvador
Korea
9
Norway
Hungary
Dominican Republic
10
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Canada
*Transnational Communities
• Communities whose boundaries
extend between countries.
*Median Family Income Ratios, Black/White
and Hispanic/White, U.S., 1947–2002
*White Prejudice and Discrimination
against Blacks
Question
• Do you think racism is becoming
more serious in the United States
and worldwide? Why or why not?
• How do trends in racism compare
with trends in other forms of
prejudice, such as sexism?
“How warm or cool do you feel
towards Caucasian, African, Hispanic,
and Asian Americans?” U.S., 2002
*The 10 Most Racially Segregated
Major Metropolitan Areas in the U.S.
City
Segregation Index
Detroit
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
St. Louis
Los Angeles–Long Beach
Birmingham
Baltimore
87.6
85.8
85.1
82.8
82.2
77.2
77.0
73.1
71.7
71.4
Opposition to Affirmative
Action, U.S., 1998
*Asian Americans, 2000
Group
Number
% of Total
Chinese
2.7 million
22.7
Filipino
2.4 million
20.1
Indian
1.8 million
16.0
Vietnamese 1.1 million
9.4
Korean
1.1 million
9.0
Japanese
0.8 million
6.7
Six Degrees of Separation:
Ethnic & Racial Group Relations
% Opposed to Person of Another Race,
Immigrants, or Foreign Workers Living Next Door
Question
• I would like to marry someone of
a different racial or ethnic group.
a. Strongly agree
b. Agree somewhat
c. Unsure
d. Disagree somewhat
e. Strongly disagree
Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.
• Reforms that would promote equality:
– Affirmative action programs
– Job training
– Improvements in public education
– Subsidized health and child care
Quick Quiz
1. Race
is:
a. an attitude that judges a person on his
or her group's real or imagined
characteristics
b. a category of people whose perceived
cultural markers are deemed socially
significant
c. a social construct used to distinguish
people in terms of one or more
physical markers
d. the tendency to blame other racial or
ethnic groups for one's own problems
Answer: c
• Race is a social construct
used to distinguish people in
terms of one or more physical
markers.
2. Most sociologists believe race
matters because it allows social
inequality to be created and
maintained.
a. True
b. False
Answer: True
• Most sociologists believe race
matters because it allows social
inequality to be created and
maintained.
3. An ethnic group is:
a. an attitude that judges a person on his or
her group's real or imagined
characteristics
b. a category of people whose perceived
cultural markers are deemed socially
significant
c. a social construct used to distinguish
people in terms of one or more physical
markers
d. the tendency to blame other racial or
ethnic groups for one's own problems
Answer: b
• An ethnic group is a category
of people whose perceived
cultural markers are deemed
socially significant.
4. We
see institutional racism in practice
when:
a. police single out African Americans
for car searches
b. department stores tell their
floorwalkers to keep a sharp eye out
for African-American shoplifters
c. banks reject African-American
mortgage applications more than
applications from white Americans of
the same economic standing
d. all of these choices
Answer: d
• We see institutional racism in practice
when police single out African
Americans for car searches, department
stores tell their floorwalkers to keep a
sharp eye out for African-American
shoplifters, and banks reject AfricanAmerican mortgage applications more
than applications from white Americans
of the same economic standing.
5. _______________ are spatial
concentrations of ethnic group
members who establish
businesses that serve and employ
mainly members of the ethnic
group and reinvest profits in
community businesses and
organization.
Answer: ethnic enclaves
• Ethnic enclaves are spatial
concentrations of ethnic group
members who establish
businesses that serve and
employ mainly members of the
ethnic group and reinvest profits
in community businesses and
organization.
6. In regard to racial differences,
sociologists argue that:
a.one cannot neatly distinguish
races on the basis of genetic
differences
b.a high level of genetic mixing has
taken place throughout the world
c.race is merely a social construct
d.all of these choices
Answer: d
• In regard to racial differences,
sociologists argue that: one
cannot neatly distinguish races
on the basis of genetic
differences, a high level of
genetic mixing has taken place
throughout the world, and race is
merely a social construct.