Transcript Figure 1.1 Durkheim`s Theory of Suicide

Sociology:
Your Compass for a New World
Robert J. Brym and John Lie
Wadsworth Group/Thomson
Learning
© 2003
Chapter 16
Population, Urbanization,
and Development
Malthus
Malthus Argued That While Food Supplies
Increase Slowly, Populations Grow Quickly
Because of These Presumed Natural Laws,
Only Three Things Can Keep Human Population
Growth in Check According to Malthus:
War
Pestilence
Famine
Critique of Malthus
 Malthus’s Theory Has Been Questioned
Because of
Rapid Increases in Food Production
Higher-than-expected Limits to Population
Size
Growth of Large, Prosperous Populations
The Ability to Provide Generous Social
Welfare and Still Maintain Low Population
Growth Rates
The Widespread Use of Contraception
World Population, 1750 - 2100 (in
millions, projected)
Millions
10000
8000
6000
4000
developed countries
less developed countries
World Population
1804
1 billion
1927
2 billion
1960
3 billion
1974
4 billion
1987
5 billion
1999
6 billion
2013
7 billion
2028
8 billion
2054
9 billion
2093
10 billion
2000
Total:
760
Total:
10,185
Total:
8,472
Total:
2,516
Total:
5,759
0
1750
1950
1995
2025
2100
Year
Sources: Livi-Bacci (1992: 31); Merrick (1986: 12); United Nations (1993; 1998c).
Population Pyramids
United States,
2001
Mexico,
2001
Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000c).
Demographic Transition Theory
 The Main Factors Underlying Population
Dynamics In Demographic Transition Theory Are
Industrialization and Values:
Preindustrial Era: Birth Rate and Death Rate
Were High So Population Growth Was Slow
Early Industrialization: Death Rate Fell, So
Population Growth Was Rapid
Later Industrialization: Birth Rate Fell, Resulting
in Slow Growth Again
Postindustrial Era: Death Rate Rises Above Birth
Rate So Population Shrinks
Demographic Transition Theory
Stage
Preindustrial
Early Industrial
Mature Industrial
Postindustrial
Crude birth rate
Crude death rate
Growth
slow increase
fast increase
slow increase
Time
slow decline
Inequality and Population
Partially Independent of the Level of
Industrialization, the Level of Social Inequality
Between Women and Men, and Between Classes,
Affects Population Dynamics
Lower Levels of Social Inequality Typically
Result in Lower Crude Birth Rates and
Therefore Lower Population Growth Rates
Urbanization
Much Urbanization Is Associated With the
Growth of Factories
However, Religious, Political, and
Commercial Need Gave Rise to Cities in the
preindustrial Era
Moreover, the Fastest Growing Cities in the
World Today Are in Semi-industrialized
Countries
The Chicago School
Members of the Chicago School Described and
Explained the Spatial and Social Dimensions of
the Industrial City
They Developed a Theory of Human
Ecology That Explained Urban Growth As the
Outcome of Differentiation, Competition, and
Ecological Succession
They Described the Spatial Arrangement of
the Industrial City As a Series of Expanding
Concentric Circles.
The Concentric Zone Model of
Chicago, About 1920
Source: Burgess (1967 [1925]).
Critique of the Chicago School
 Subsequent Research Showed That
The City Was Not As Anomic As the Chicago
Sociologists Made It Appear
The Concentric Zone Pattern Applied Best to
the Industrial City in the First Quarter of the
20th Century
Power Conflicts and the Profit Motive
Underlie the Evolution of Cities
The Multiple-Nuclei Model of a City
Central business district
Source: Harris and Ullman (1945).
The Corporate
and Postmodern Cities
The Corporate City That Emerged After World
War II Was a Vehicle for Capital Accumulation
That Stimulated the Growth of the Suburbs and
Resulted in the Decline of Inner Cities
The Postmodern City That Took Shape in the
Last Decades of the Twentieth Century Is
Characterized by the Increased Globalization of
Culture, Fragmentation of Lifestyles, and
Privatization of Space
Modernization and
Dependency Theories
Modernization Theory Argues That Global
Inequality Is Due to Some Countries Lacking
Sufficient Capital
Western Values
Rational Business Practices
Stable Governments
Dependency Theory Counters That Global
Inequality Results From the Exploitative
Relationship Between Rich and Poor Countries
Emerging from Poverty
An important test of the two theories concerns
the effect of foreign investment on economic
growth, but research on this subject is equivocal
The poor countries able to emerge from poverty
have a colonial past that left them with
industrial infrastructures
enjoy a favorable geopolitical position
apply strong growth-oriented economic
policies
have socially cohesive populations