Transcript population - Anderson School District Five

Unit 5: Social
Change
Ch 16: Population and Urbanization
Ch 17: Social Change and
Collective Behavior
Ch 16 – Population and Urbanization
• Why study
population
patterns?
• Population affects ________________,
especially in _________ areas.
• Patterns help sociologists understand +
predict how groups of people will ______.
Ex:
• The growth of ___________ has
benefited the Democratic Party
more than Republicans.
• Population
can put a strain on
future generations as they have to
take care of a larger group of
_________________.
• Population
statistics
• A population is a group of people living in a
particular place at a ______________.
• Demography is the scientific study of ________.
• Demos is a Greek word meaning “______”.
• When studying a population demographers look at
many factors such as:
• Size: # of people
• _________: how + where they are located
• ____________: what groups make up the
population
• Age structure: ages represented in the
population
• ________: births
• Mortality: deaths
• _________: movement from one place to
another
• Fertility
•
•
The Duggar Family
•
Measures the actual # of children born to a woman or
to a _____________________.
Fecundity is the potential # of children that could be
born if every woman reproduced as often as ________
________.
• Of course, fertility rates are _____________
fecundity rates.
• The highest realistic fecundity rate expected
from a society would be about ____ births per
woman.
The crude birth rate is the annual # of ________ per
1,000 members of a population.
• Crude Birth Rate
•
•
•
# of live births
= total population
X 1,000
The fertility rate is the annual # of live births per
1,000 women _____________
The total fertility rate is the average # of children
born to a woman ________________.
Health + social factors (such as average age at
marriage, ___________________, attitudes towards
birth control, etc…) all influence the birth rate.
• Mortality
• _________ w/in a population.
• To analyze patterns of mortality, sociologists look
at life span + life expectancy:
• Life span is the ______________ to which
humans can survive. (Currently around ___
yrs – but obviously few people make it
anywhere near that).
• Life expectancy is the _________ # of yrs
that people in a given population born at a
particular time can expect to live to.
• The crude death rate is the annual # of deaths
per 1,000 members of a population.
• Crude Death Rate = # of deaths_ X 1,000
total population
• The worldwide crude death rate is _______, but
varies widely around the world.
• The infant mortality rate is the # of deaths
among infants ___________ of age per 1,000 live
births.
• Migration
• The movement of people from one ____________
to another.
• Can be from one country to another or w/in a
country (Ex. the “great migration”).
• The gross migration rate into or out of an area is
the # of people per 1,000 members of a population
who ___________ a geographic area in a given yr.
• Net migration is the __________ b/w the #
of people entering + leaving an area.
• Ex. 500 enter + 200 leave, so the net
migration is ______.
• The net migration rate is the annual
or
per 1,000 members
• In 2003, the net migration rate for the US
was _______ per 1,000.
• When the Census Bureau reports migration rates,
it only includes the # of ______________. Thus,
many illegal immigrants go ___________.
End Section 1
• World
population
growth
• No organization has ever counted all people
in the world. Instead, they count the most
reliable census data where available +
____________ where it’s not.
• A census is a regularly occurring
_______ of a particular population.
• Rapid world population growth is a relatively
_______________. The doubling time (#
of yrs needed to double the base population
size) of the world has been _______ as the
world’s population
faster + faster.
• Why is it growing so fast?
• Exponential growth (growth in which
the amount of
is added to the
based figure each time period).
• Better nutrition/___________
• _____________
• Malthus +
population growth
• In 1798, economist Thomas Malthus wrote
An Essay on the Principle of Population. It
described the relationship b/w population
growth + ____________________. Key
ideas:
• Population growth, if unchecked,
would ______________ leading to
overpopulation, famine, + poverty.
• Checks on population can be positive
+ preventative. Positive checks are
factors that
________ (plagues,
wars, etc…) + preventive checks
________ (which back then mostly
consisted of abstinence + delayed
___________).
• The wealthy + __________ already
exercised preventive checks.
• He emphasized the importance of
education + _________________.
•
The
•
demographic
transition
•
theory
•
States that population growth is a function of the level of
____________________ in a country.
Malthus brought attention to the relationship b/w
population growth + economic development, but there are 2
things he hadn’t considered: _____________________ +
reliable methods of ___________________.
The demographic transition theory takes them into account
+ describes 4 stages of population growth:
• Stage 1: Both birth rate + death rate are ______.
Population growth is ____. __________ are at this
stage today.
• Stage 2: Birth rate is ____ + death rate is ___ due
to better health care + food production. Population
growth is _______. Most of _______________ is
at this stage.
• Stage 3: Birth rate __________, but death rate
continues to go ___. Population growth is still ___.
Many ______________ countries are at this stage.
• Stage 4: Both birth + death rates are ______.
Population growth is ____ if at all. The US, Canada,
__________, + Japan are at this stage.
• Future world
population
growth
• World population growth reached its peak in the late
_____ at 2.04%. The current growth rate is around
____%. It’s projected to drop to zero by _______.
• But even though the rate of growth is
, the
population itself is _______________.
• There are currently over ________ people in
the world. By 2025, there will be ________.
By the time the world’s population reaches
zero population growth (a situation in which
deaths are balanced by births so that the
population doesn’t grow), it is predicted to be
at ____________.
• The population momentum is the ______________
population growth immediately b/c of a previously
high rate of growth. It would take _______ yrs for
the population to stabilize if all women were to
immediately only have ____ children each.
• The replacement level is the birth rate at which a
couple replaces itself w/o adding to the population
(about ________).
• Population
control
• Refers to the conscious attempt to regulate
population size through ___________________
___________.
• Historically, high birth rates were ________ to
serve as replacement for high death rates,
children to work parents’ farms + take care of
them in old age, raise large armies, + b/c some
countries had __________ against birth control.
• This changed in the middle of the 1900s as
some countries began to see high birth
rates as a _______ to their well being.
• Family planning is the __________ of population
control methods. Countries that use this method
of population control may fund family planning
education, provide birth control materials, etc…
This approach has _____________.
"For a prosperous,
powerful nation and a
happy family, please use
birth planning." Gov.’t
sign in area of
Nanchang where
pregnant women hide.
Rural Sichuan roadside
sign: "It is forbidden to
discriminate against,
mistreat or abandon
baby girls."
• Compulsory population control methods have
been used in China + Singapore. They do this
through a system of ___________________,
such as higher ____ for families w/ more than
1 child + more gov.’t assistance for families w/
only 1 child. Successful, but _____________.
• Introduced in China in the 1970s to make sure
they could _______ all their people.
• People in cities are allowed only _______
(unless the couple is an ethnic minority
or both are only children).
• In rural areas, they’re permitted ____
children.
• Enforced w/ financial penalties, + in the
past, forced _________ + sterilizations.
• Frequently ________ (a woman might go
away + come back w/ a “relative’s” child
or claim they adopted the child).
• Since males are traditionally valued over
females, it has led to numerous _______
of female fetuses + to an unbalanced
_________________.
• China announced in March 2008 that it
will ________________ for at least
another 10 yrs.
• Population
pyramids
•
•
•
Are graphic representations of the age + sex
____________________.
They show _______ + ________ rates, which can
be used to predict school, housing, + health
resource needs, etc…
They also show the dependency ratio which is the
ratio of dependent people (those under 15 + over
64) to ___________________ people.
• Developing nations have a higher _______
dependency + developed nations have a
higher __________ dependency.
• So countries w/ a higher youth
dependency have to worry more
about funding for schools + other
youth programs, while countries w/
a higher old-age dependency have
to worry about programs like
Medicare, Social Security, etc…
Changes in Japan’s Population Structure
China’s Population Structure
End Section 2
•
Cities
•
•
•
•
•
Dense + ____________ concentrations of people living in a
specific area + working primarily in _________________.
In the US, a city must have ________ people.
• In Sweden it’s only 200 people + Japan it’s 30,000 .
Urbanization is the process by which an increasingly larger
portion of the world’s population lives _______________.
Early cities appeared about ___________ yrs ago. Ur, one
of the world’s 1st major cities (located in modern day ____)
only had about 24,000 people. Rome during the time of the
Roman empire had b/w ½ - 1 mil people.
Preindustrial cities arose due to improving __________
techniques.
• 4 types of people tended to come to early cities:
• _______ – to consolidate political, military,
+/or religious power.
• Functionaries – political +/or religious
officials who _________________ of the
elites.
• _________ – to work + sell their products.
• The poor – hoping to find _____ (but rarely
able to).
• Modern cities arose after the ______________
________ followed by the ________________.
Factories led to larger groups of people living +
working in the same areas particularly areas near
_________________ (water, mines, etc…).
• Currently about ½ of the world’s population live in
urban areas. In developed countries it’s about
____% of the population + in developing countries
about ____%.
• In developing countries, there is a larger supply
of _______ from the countryside coming into the
cities than there are ___________. This has led
to overurbanization (a situation in which a city
cannot supply adequate ______________ for its
inhabitants).
• In _________ countries, there tend to be a few
large cities, more medium cities, + many small
cities. Whereas _________ countries often only
have __________________________.
• Suburbanization • Cities in the US have been _____________ due to
in the US
suburbanization (the loss of population of a city to
surrounding areas), + the US is now predominantly
_____________.
• Suburbanization became possible due to advances in
technology in __________ (phones, tv, computers,
internet, etc…) + ____________ (trains, highways,
cars, etc…). This makes it easier for people to
_________________ + to stay in touch w/ others.
• Suburbs are attractive to many people b/c of their
less crowding + traffic, ________, better schools,
less crime, + less pollution.
• In the mid 1900s, cities lost people during the
“white flight” (upper + middle class whites moving
to _______, leaving behind a disproportionate # of
minorities + ________________) + businesses also
left due to lower tax rates, less expensive land,
less congestion, + more customers. This led to a
central city dilemma for many cities (having a high
# of minorities + poor people w/ less tax $ to help
w/ ______________________).
• Some cities are being __________ through
gentrification (the development of lowincome areas by ____________ homebuyers,
landlords, + professional developers).
Additionally, in recent years, more ________
have been moving back to some cities.
• Edge cities have formed. An edge city is a
suburban unit specializing in a particular
activity – it’s a smaller, more focused version
of an ______________. It may specialize in
technology, financial services, etc… They’re
kind of like a city w/in a city but w/ no formal
______________________ them.
End Section 3
• Urban
ecology
• The study of the relationships b/w humans
+ ______________________.
• Researchers look at things like how areas
w/in the same city are different, how they
_____________, + what processes change
them.
• There are 4 major theories about city
growth:
• Concentric zone theory
• Sector theory
• Multiple nuclei theory
• Peripheral theory
• None of these theories explain city
environments ________, but can tell much
when put together.
• The concentric
zone theory
• Describes urban growth in terms of ______
areas that grow from the central city
outward.
• The innermost circles in the ____________
______ + the heart of the city. It contains
major gov.’t + private office buildings, major
stores, + entertainment facilities. The
property values are very high which pushes
out _________________.
• The zone surrounding it is the zone in
___________. The property there is often
bought + rented out for profit for
businesses or apartments. Often this area
is not taken care of properly + contains
________.
• The surrounding zones are used for ______.
• Many northern cities developed this way.
• The sector
theory
• Emphasizes the importance of _____________
________ in the process of urban growth.
• Sectors tend to be ____________ w/ wedges
radiating from the central business district to
the city’s outskirts. Each sector is organized
around a major transportation route.
• Sectors will be predominantly industrial or
business or residential, etc…
• Includes Richmond, Seattle, + _____________.
• The multiple
nuclei theory
• Focuses on specific _____________________
influences on urban growth.
• These cities aren’t dependent on a ________
_______. Instead, they have several separate
centers (such as manufacturing, retail,
residential, etc…).
• These separate centers developed due to
geography, history, tradition, etc…
• _________ is an example.
• The peripheral
theory
• Emphasizes the growth of _______ around the
central city.
• As communication + transportation have
improved in the last 50+ yrs, much of the
“business” of cities is done _________ of the
cities.
End Section 4
Ch 17 – Social Change and Collective
Behavior
• Change in
society
• Social change is new societal behaviors w/
important _______________________.
• It’s hard to predict b/c the type of
change depends on the existing _______.
• Ex. The rise of democracy in the US
included a president + congress. In
Britain, they have a queen, prime
minister, + parliament.
• Ex. Some societies only allow
marriage between 1 man + 1 woman,
some allow homosexuals to marry, +
some allow polygamy.
• Why do some • Change w/in a society is a result of several
societies
processes and major factors:
change faster
• Social processes (a series of steps
+ more
leading to change on a societal level):
dramatically
• _________
than others?
• Invention
• Diffusion
• Major factors:
•
•
•
•
Technology
__________
Natural environment
Revolution + ______
• Processes
• Discovery – the process by which something is
learned or _____________.
• Earth is round – exploration, colonization
• Women can learn math + science
• Invention – the creation of _______________ from
previously existing items or processes. The more
_______ the society, the _______ social change
through invention occurs.
• Telephones – improved communications
• Cars – suburbs, pollution
• Diffusion – the process by which one culture or
society _______ from another. The culture picks +
chooses what it will + will not ________.
• Food – Chinese, Italian, Mexican, etc…
• Clothing – more or less modest, what’s gender
appropriate, etc…
• Gov.’t – Democracy, Communism, etc…
• Language – learning an entirely new language or
just some _______________.
•
Major
•
factors
•
•
•
•
Technology – knowledge + tools used to achieve ______________.
• Inventions become part of technology possessed.
• New technology is often a sign that _________ will follow.
• Spinning wheel
The Industrial Revolution
• Internet
___________ – demographics stay the same or change.
• Changes in ages structure, religion, ethnic groups, etc… can
affect societies’ __________.
Natural environment –
• Shapes societies’ _______________________.
• American frontier – independent, ruggedness, etc…
• Resources – coal vs. oil, deserts lack water, etc…
• Natural disasters
Revolution – the sudden + complete overthrow of an existing _____
or __________________.
• But they usually lead to __________, not radical change.
• American Revolution (many same Americans w/
power, Congress similar to Parliament, etc…)
War – an _________, armed conflict w/in a society or b/w nations.
• Promote invention (tanks, atomic bombs) + discovery
(resources + techniques).
End Section 1
• The
• Functionalism emphasizes stability +
functionalist
continuity; however there are 2 beliefs
perspective’s
about social change both involving the idea
view on social
of _____________:
change
1. Equilibrium (a state of functioning +
__________, maintained by a society’s
tendency to make small adjustments to
change)
• So this is about making ______
adjustments.
2. A society in change, moves from
stability to ___________ then back to
stability.
• So this is about making ______
adjustments to find a ______
_________.
• The conflict
perspective’s
view on social
change
• Believe social change is a result of
struggles among groups for ________
____________. Change occurs when the
conflicts are __________ (at least
temporarily).
• Haves vs. have nots
• Environmentalists vs. industrialists
• Gender conflicts
• Racial/ethnic conflicts
• Religious conflicts
• Etc…
• The symbolic
interactionist
perspective’s view
on social change
• Believe humans interact w/ others based
on commonly shared symbols, + so as
shared meanings
, ______________ +
social interaction becomes more
___________.
• German sociologist Ferdinard Tonnies
argued that prior to industrialization,
people lived in small communities w/ many
_____________. After industrialization,
people lost many of those common symbols
that had been developed over time
through a ________________.
• Urbanism is the distinctive way of
life shared by the people living in a
_______.
• Some agree w/ Tonnies, some don’t.
Opponents argue about communities w/in
cities that maintain many shared symbols
such as ________________ communities.
End Section 2
• Collective
behavior
• The __________ behavior of a group of people
responding to ________________.
• Collectivity is a collection of people who do not
_______________ + who do not share clearly
defined norms.
• Stimuli refers to outside events or people that
cause a response.
• This means that collective behavior is
___________.
• Some collective behavior occurs when people
are in ____________ while others occur when
a collectivity made up of people who aren’t
physically connected but follow ____________
or respond to common stimuli – known as
dispersed collectivity.
• Ex. On Sept 11th, people at the Twin
Towers were in physical contact, but all
Americans made up dispersed collectivity.
•
Rumors,
legends, fads,
+ fashions
•
•
•
•
People often respond to certain information in similar ways
even when _________________. Rumors, fads, + fashions
are collective behaviors exhibited by ________
_______________.
A rumor is a widely circulating story of _______________.
• Urban legends are a moralistic tale which focuses on
current concerns + ________.
• They are an expression of our fears + allow
us to be shocked + horrified at others’
____________.
• http://www.snopes.com/ (website that
examines the truth of rumors + urban
legends)
• Ex. Someone had a roach in their meal at a
restaurant, someone got AIDs from a needle
left at the movies, etc…
A fad is an unusual ________ pattern that spreads rapidly +
_______________________.
• Ex. Skateboarding, streaking, etc…
A fashion is a behavior pattern that is _____________ but
is expected to ___________________.
• Ex. Popularity of clothing labels, styles of jeans,
slang, architecture, etc…
• Mass hysteria
+ panics
• Mass hysteria occurs when
collective _________ is created by
acceptance of one or more _______
__________.
• Ex. Salem witch trials, Orson
Welles’s “Men from Mars”
radio broadcast, mistaken
beliefs about how AIDS is
spread, etc…
• Ends when ______ are made
known.
• Panic is people reacting to a real
threat in fearful, anxious, + often
______________ ways.
• Ex. Exiting buildings during
fires, leaving sinking ships,
etc…
•
Crowds
•
•
___________________ of people who share an immediate
common interest.
4 different types:
• A _______ crowd: least organized, least emotional, +
most ___________.
• Ex. gathering on a street to watch a
performer.
• A _________ crowd: has a specific purpose + follows
excepted norms for behavior.
• Ex. going to a baseball game or movie.
• An ________ crowd: have no significant or long-term
purpose beyond unleashing ______. Free expression
occurs like yelling, crying, laughing, jumping, etc…
• Ex. New Year’s Eve at Time Square, funeral
procession for a fallen leader, etc…
• An ____ crowd: takes action to reach a _________.
• Another type of crowd may become an acting
crowd if ____________ lead up to it.
• Ex. Protesters of a new law, workers
picketing, etc…
- _______ are also acting crowds.
• Mobs + riots
• A mob is an ___________________, disorderly
crowd that is ready to use destructiveness +
_________ to achieve a purpose.
• Achieving the common purpose is essential.
Everything else is a _________. Members
are pressured to conform + they have
____________________.
• Ex. Lynching of blacks during segregation,
draft protesters, etc…
• A riot is an episode of largely ______________
+ violence carried out by a crowd.
• Rioters often ____________ + engage in
destructive behavior to express their
frustrations.
• No ______________, targets are often
whatever + whomever is convenient.
• Usually triggered by a single event but
caused by a _____________ issue.
• Ex. LA riots after trial of police charged
w/ beating Rodney King.
•
3 theories •
of crowd
behavior
The contagion theory: states that members of crowds _______ each
other to higher + higher levels of emotion + __________________.
• People lose their individuality to the “______” of the crowd.
• Herbert Blumer proposed a version which has 3 stages:
1. _______ – people move around aimlessly like cattle
becoming increasingly aware of one another.
2. _________________ – crowd becomes impulsive,
More ________
unstable, + highly responsive to others. Begin to
lose their own identity + take on the crowd’s.
3. ______________ – behavior is rigid, unthinking, +
irrational.
• Ex. Riots at soccer games, buying things randomly at an
auction, etc…
• The emergent norm theory: states that ________ develop to guide
crowd behavior.
• Rules develop w/in crowds - the same that govern ________.
• Groups w/in the crowd will act differently b/c they have
More ______
different _________.
• Ex. some people loot while others just stand by + do nothing.
• The convergence theory: states that crowds are formed by
people who deliberately congregate w/ ________________.
• So the crowds are _________ by shared values + attitudes.
Somewhat ______
• Ex. Protesters outside an abortion clinic.
End Section 3
•
Social
•
movements
•
•
•
•
Are movements whose goal is to _________________ social
change.
4 characteristics:
• _______ # of people
• A common goal to promote OR prevent social change
• Organized w/ __________________
• Lasts a relatively _____________
They’re the most highly structured, rational, + ______ form
of collective behavior.
Ex. American Rev., women’s suffrage, The Civil Rights
Movement, pro-life + pro-choice movements, etc…
There are 4 types of social movements:
• Revolutionary movements attempt to change a _____
_______ (Ex. American Rev., Communist Revs.).
• Reformative movements attempt to make ________
changes in _____ (Ex. prohibition, women’s suffrage).
• Redemptive movements attempt to change ________
_________ (Ex. religious cults).
• Alternative movements attempt to make ________
changes to ________ (Ex. Zero Population Growth
Movement).
•
The value-added
theory
•
•
Holds that ________________ must exist for social
movements to occur.
Each condition “____________”.
• Structural conduciveness – the
surroundings/___________ must allow for the
social movement to flourish (ex. allow for good
communication)
• Structural strains – the presence of conflicts,
uncertainties, + inconsistencies which provide a
belief in the ___________________.
• Generalized beliefs – general recognition that
there is a problem + it needs to be ________.
• Precipitating factors – one or more significant
events must occur to ________ the movement.
• ___________ of participants for action – the
movement starts.
• Social control – _________ social control may
make the movement fail while ________ social
control might give the movement more
momentum.
• The resource • Focuses on how members of a social
mobilization
movement secure + use _______ needed to
theory
________________.
• Resources include ______________ (Ex.
leadership, organization, etc…) + ________
_______ (Ex. $, property, etc…)
• Movements don’t succeed w/o enough of
these resources, so the movements must
successfully appeal to the people who can
__________ those resources.
End Section 4