Transcript Ideologies - Brookdale Community College

Modern Ideologies:
Romanticism, Nationalism,
Socialism, Marxism
Characteristics of Modernity
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idea of progress “Change is good”
rationalism and value placed on the individual
high value placed on science and scientific proof
secular rather than religious
increase in people’s participation in politics
social status by merit rather than birth
increased social mobility
religion becomes “private” and “purely religious”
national identity is created
Romanticism
Reaction to the
Enlightenment
Feelings vs. Reason
Wordsworth, “Let nature be your teacher” – See RGH # 10, p. 45
Moonlight Sonata
Mozart
Nature as “ living world spirit” –See RGH # 9, p. 41
de Loutherborg, 1803
Beethoven
“Avalanche in the Alps”
John Constable, Hadleigh Castle Love of Gothic, Fantasy, Nature
“universecreating imagination”
The artist as solitary, rebellious, visionary, in
touch with nature, a special creative vision—a
“hero”
The first hippies? The first “me-too”
generation?
Beauty for its own sake
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique
La Grand Odalisque
1814
Mystical Understanding of God and Religion
Francesco Goya, 1798
William Blake, 1794
Fear of Technology
Victor Hugo, Hunchback of Notre Dame
The individual, the Nonconformist is glorified
Fairy tales were the most
authentic, identified with
the “Folk” or the “spirit” of
a people
What specific characteristics of Romanticism
influenced Nationalism?
Nations and Nationalism
Does any group that can identify itself as
unique have a right to its own nation?
• “Nation” a type of community, especially
prominent in 19th century (ethnic group).
• Usually based on shared language, customs,
values, historical experience.
• Origins with the French Revolution and
Napoleon’s armies spread it throughout
Europe.
If you were to create a nation where none
existed (like the Sims game) what would you
do? Is nation-building possible?
Nationalism: A Definition
Nationalism is a state of mind, in which
the supreme loyalty of the individual is
felt to be due the national-state. . .RGH #
11, p. 48
Types of Nationalism: (RGH #12, p. 49)
1. Traditional (Civil Nationalism)
2. Striving Nationalism
3. Protective Nationalism
4. Imperialistic Nationalism
A Definition of Nationalism
“imagined communities”
“Nationalism, of course, is intrinsically absurd. Why
should the accident—fortune or misfortune—of birth as
an American, Albanian, Scott, or Fiji Islander impose
loyalties that dominate an individual life and structure
a society so as to place it in formal conflict with
others?
In the past there were local loyalties to place and clan
or tribe, obligations to lord or landlord, dynastic or
territorial wars, but primary loyalties were to God or
God-king, possibly to emperor, to a civilization as
such. There was no nation.
William Pfaff
Types of Nationalism
“Tell me where you’re from and
I’ll tell you who you are.”
• Cultural nationalism = ethnic identity=linked with
Romanticism, with its focus on the unique ethnic
makeup of each people.
– Literature, folklore, music as expressions of Volksgeist:
“FOLK SPIRIT”
• Political (Civic) nationalism = political identity
– Movement for political independence of nation from
other authorities – “Each nationality should have its own
political house.”
ARE PATRIOTISM AND
NATIONALISM THE SAME?
• “By patriotism, I mean devotion to a
particular place and a particular way of
life, which one believes to be the best
in the world but has no wish to force on
other people.”
• “Patriotism is of its nature defensive,
both militarily and culturally.”
• “Nationalism, on the other hand, is
inseparable from the desire for power.”
George Orwell, 1945.
The Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815)
• Meeting after defeat of Napoleon
• von Metternich (Austria, 1773-1859)
supervises dismantling of Napoleon’s empire
• Established balance of power
• Worked to suppress development of
nationalism among multi-national empires like
the Austrian
National Rebellions
• Greeks in Balkan peninsula seek
independence from Ottoman Turks, 1821
– With European help, Greece achieves
independence in 1830
• Rebellions all over Europe, especially in
1848
– Rebels take Vienna, Metternich resigns and
flees
– But rebellions put down by 1849
– Cultural Nationalism fails to unite
Unification of Italy and Germany
• Italy and Germany formerly disunited groups
of regional kingdoms, city-states,
ecclesiastical states
– Germany: over three hundred semiautonomous
jurisdictions
• Nationalist sentiment develops idea of
unification
• Cavour (1810-1861) and Giuseppe Garibaldi
(1807-1882) unify Italy under King Vitttore
Emmanuele II
• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) advances
Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”), uses
wars with neighbors to unify Germany
• Second Reich proclaimed in 1871 (Holy
Roman Empire the first), King Wilhelm I
named Emperor
Unification of Germany and Italy
“REALPOLITIK”: USE OF POWER POLITICS AND WAR
Reactions to early industrialization
• Union movements
• Socialist movements
• Marxism
Utopian Socialism
• Charles Fourier (17721837) and Robert Owen
(1771-1858)
• The Phalanx, one of the
agricultural
cooperatives started in
France but spreading to
the U.S. existed for
about 20 years and
gave its name to
Phalanx Road.
•Opposed competition of
market system
•Attempted to create
cooperative model
communities
What all Socialists Believed
• Optimists – believed society could be
reformed, including the economic system.
• Social activists-as individuals and that
government should guarantee basic needs.
• Cooperative—Humans were cooperative by
nature, but society forced them to compete.
• Property was the key to equitable
distribution of resources.
• Economic Democracy – popular sovereignty
in the economic sphere.
• Industrialism is good.
The Question of Equality:
“the myth that ANYONE can
make it is confused with the
notion that EVERYONE can
make it.”
Japanese CEO-average Japanese
worker = 10X
US CEO – average American worker =
531X
Stats on Inequality:
• Richest 1% of Americans held 32% of
nation’s wealth in 2001.
• Income inequality in America has
increased-from 1980-2005, income for
white men has declined by 20%.
• Between 1970’s and today, the % of
income of the middle class rose by 15%,
the upper middle class, by 23%, and of
wealth, 63% = growing income inequality.
• Why hasn’t economic growth led to greater
equality?
Marx and Engels
• “The history of all hitherto
existing society is the history
of class struggles. Freeman
and slave, patrician and
plebian, lord and serf, guildmastery and journeyman, in
a word, oppressor and
oppressed, stood in constant
opposition to one another,
carried on an uninterrupted,
now hidden, now open fight,
a fight that each time ended,
either in a revolutionary
reconstitution of society at
large, or in the common ruin
or the contending classes…”
(RGH #16, p. 67)
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels
(1820-1895):
“Scientific” Socialism
• Two major classes, always in conflict:
– Capitalists, who control means of production
– Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor
• Economic Determinism – your economic
situation influences everything you do, think,
eat, say, believe.
• Exploitative nature of capitalist system
• Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in
favor of a “dictatorship of the proletariat”
• Religion: “opiate of the masses”
• Marx’s chief contribution: A society cannot
be understood without an analysis of its
economic system.
Social Reform and Trade
Unions
• Socialism had major impact on 19th century
reformers
– Reduced property requirements for male suffrage
– Addressed issues of medical insurance,
unemployment compensation, retirement benefits
– Evolutionary Socialism: workers and their
political representatives get the right to vote by
the end of the 19th century and are elected to office
to change existing wrongs.
• Trade unions form for collective bargaining
– Strikes to address workers’ concerns
Darwin: Biological Evolution
and Natural Selection
• Traditional beliefs:
– Idea of evolution not new
– Geology—age of earth believed to be no
more than 4000 years old, but scientists
like Lyell suggest erosion and natural
forces suggested earth far, far older.
– All species created by God as they
presently existed.
Darwin’s Ideas: Origin of
Species (1859) and The Descent
of Man (1871)
• Natural Selection
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Variations exist within species.
Variations are inherited.
Nature is a scene of struggle for resources.
Species best able to survive (through adaptation)
will survive this struggle.
– Process of natural selection operates randomly,
without God’s intervention.
Darwin did not know how natural selection took
place (Mendel’s genetic research would later
provide the answer)
Social Darwinism
• Sociologists like Herbert Spencer applied
Darwin’s ideas to human societies.
• Spencer coined the term, “survival of the fittest”but what constitutes “the fittest” in humans?
“The fiercely competitive environments is cruel for
weak individuals but promotes the overall good of
the species by strengthening the fittest and
stimulates
overall
enterprise;
too
much
government holds back the strong and gives
unnatural advantages to the weak. “
Racism
• Theories of Race developed by
anthropologists.
• “Scientific” Racism developed
– Count Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (18161882)
– Combines with theories of Charles Darwin
(1809-1882) to form pernicious doctrine of
Social Darwinism
Romanticism Links
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“The Romantic Spirit” 8:48
“The Romantic Poets” 8:17
“The Romanticism Period” 8:22
“Romantic Era Powerpoint” 4:58