Transcript Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Culture Section 1 Objective Culture defines how people in a society behave in relation to others and to physical objects. Although most behavior among animals is instinctual, human behavior is learned. Even reflexes and drives do not completely determine how humans will behave, because people are heavily influenced by culture. • explain how culture and heredity affect social behavior. Define the following vocab Culture Reflexes Society Drives Instincts Sociobiolog y Fill in the Blanks Culture provides the ___1___ ___2___ that people in a society use to guide ___3____ _____4____ ___5__ ___6___. 1. Blue 4. Relationships 2. Print 5. With 3. Their 6. Others What 2 things can not exist without each other? Culture Society These 2 are tightly interwoven. Behavior based on culture culture is learned behavior Which is more important? Culture or Instinct. Culture is It can the more important of the 2. carry us past where instinct leaves off. What is the nature vs. nurture argument? Is it justified? How much of personality is heredity & how much of it is learned behavior? You can justify either direction, with the right argument. Why do genetically inherited personality traits not control social behavior? Different cultures teach them different things. What behaviors are viewed by sociobiologists to contribute to the survival of the species? Parental care & Friendship Affection Sexual Reproduction Education List 3 criticisms of Sociobiology Importance placed genetics could be used to justify races superior or inferior To much variation in societies around the globe to base behavior solely on genetics Use of language unique to humans, as well as the complex social life When genetics and culture work together what has been found? Shape and limit human nature and social life Step-parents are more likely to abuse step-children than their own children Men & Women look for different characteristics when choosing a spouse Culture defines Section 1 Main Ideas: The Basis Of Culture how people in a society behave in relation to others and to physical objects. Although most behavior among animals is instinctual, human behavior is learned. Section 2 Objectives Humans can create and transmit culture. The symbols of language play a role in determining people’s views of reality. • describe how language and culture are related. Define the following vocab Symbols Hypotheses of linguistic relativity Why are symbols important? Help to create and transmit culture Make up Language Meaningful representation of something Why is language important? Allows us to create culture Allows us to read, discuss, & recombine existing ideas Can pass along experiences, ideas, & knowledge What can vocab tell us about a culture? When something is important to a society, its language will have many words to describe it. Americans w/ Money Are we prisoners of our Language? Exposure to other languages gives us other view points. If we only know & use 1 language we are stuck. Section 2 Main Ideas: Language and Culture Humans can create and transmit culture. The symbols of language play a role in determining people’s view of reality. Section 3 Objectives The essential components of culture are norms, values, beliefs, and material objects. Sanctions are used to encourage conformity to norms. Values, the broadest cultural ideas, form the basis for norms. name the essential components of culture. Define the following Norms Sanctions Folkways Formal Sanctions Mores Informal Sanctions Taboo Values Law List some norms in American life. List 5 and explain each of them What are the 3 types of norms? Folkways Mores Laws List some examples of folkways. Supporting a school activity Speaking to others in passing Removing your hat while inside a building See the chart on pg. 82 Failure to do these draws no real punishment, but you do these as a sign of politeness. How are mores different from folkways? Conformity draws strong social approval, violation brings strong disapproval Why are the punishments for taboos so strong? Because the feelings against these are so strong some believe punishment will come from the supernatural Cite the differences between Folkways/Mores Emerge slowly & are often created unconsciously Laws Consciously create & enforce (usually don’t change) How are sanctions used to shape behavior? Rewards are used to encourage appropriate behavior while punishment reinforces that the behavior is unacceptable How have American norms change in relation to values? Racism on decline People working as hard at leisure activities as the do at work Increased emphasis on honesty & friendliness Two essential Section 3 Main Ideas: Norms and Values components of culture are norms and values. Norms include folkways, mores, and laws. Sanctions are used to encourage conformity to norms. Values, the broadest cultural ideas, form the basis for norms. Section 4 Objective Besides norms and values, beliefs and physical objects make up culture. Ideal culture includes the guidelines we claim to accept, while real culture describes how we actually behave. understand the role of ethnocentrism in society. Define these important words Nonmaterial culture Beliefs Material culture Ideal culture Real culture What makes up a culture? Values Norms Knowledge Ideas Physical objects T/F beliefs can be based on false thoughts? True Check out this picture and think about some others Why is the cultural meaning of physical objects not determined by physical characteristics? Meaning of physical objects are based on beliefs, norms, & values people hold with regard to them Using the topic of honesty, cite an example of ideal vs. real culture. Besides norms and Section 4 Main Ideas: Beliefs and Material Culture values, beliefs and physical objects make up culture. Ideal culture includes the guidelines we claim to accept, while real culture describes how we actually behave. Section 5 Objective Cultures change according to three major processes. Cultures contain groups within them called subcultures and countercultures that differ in important ways from the main culture. People tend to make judgments based on the values of their own cultures. While apparently very different on the surface, all cultures have common traits or elements that sociologists call cultural universals. identify similarities in cultures around the world. More vocab! (Yeah!) Social Categories Ethnocentrism Subculture Cultural Universals Counterculture Cultural Particulars What are 3 reasons cultures change? Discovery process of finding something already in existence What are 3 reasons cultures change? Invention creation of something new What are 3 reasons cultures change? Diffusion borrowing aspects of culture from other culture Give an example of a subculture & reasons why? Chinatown American culture effected greatly; but have retained things such as language, diet, & family structures Why is “Punk” considered a counterculture? Rebellion against social norm of thinking, dress, behavior, & sexuality Why are the Olympics seen as ethnocentric? Country’s medal standing is taken as a reflection of their worth & status on the world stage Give the “Pros” & “Cons” of ethnocentrism. Pro Postive feelings when what they do is right or superior Stability due to tradition & valued behavior Con Complacency (not ingenuity) Violence against others due to lack of understanding List some cultural universals Sports/ cooking/ courtship/ education/ family/ government/ joking/ language/ mourning & marriage/ music/ sexual restrictions What 3 things cause cultural universals? Biological similarities Physical environment Face same social problems Section 5 Main Ideas: Cultural Diversity and Similarity Cultures, which contain subcultures and countercultures, change through three major processes.