Transcript The Development of Sociology

The Development of Sociology
Development in 19th Century Europe
• Causes:
– Industrialization and
urbanization caused many
social changes and highlighted
the impact of society on the
individual
– Scientific Revolution inspired
many to study social issues in
a systematic way
•
Sociology = study of human
social behavior and
institutions in a scientific
manner
Early European Sociologists
• Primarily from France,
Germany, and Great
Britain
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Auguste Comte
Harriet Martineau
Herbert Spencer
Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Max Weber
August Comte (1798-1857, France)
• Father of sociology
• One of first to apply
scientific methods to social
issues
• Coined term “sociology”
and believed it should be
based on knowledge we can
be positive is true
(positivism)
• Studied social change to
promote progress
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876, England)
• Used detached reporting
to study American society
and its promise of
democracy
• Made connection
between oppression of
women and slavery
• Advocated that scholars
should try to improve
society not just study it
Herbert Spencer (1830-1903, England)
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Believed in biological model
to society- society is a set of
interdependent parts
Father of social Darwinismnatural social selection
would ensure “survival of
the fittest”
Sociologists and others
should not interfere with
social developments or
problems
Karl Marx (1818-1883, Germany)
• Father of communism
• Saw structure of economy as a
major influence on society
• Believed imbalance of power
between classes would lead to
conflict
• Emphasized role conflict plays
in social change and led to
development of conflict
theory
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917, France)
• Developed first sociology
course
• Believed in only focusing on
observable social phenomena
• Focus on the specific function
each part of society played in
its maintenance
• Saw groups as separate from
the individuals that form them
Max Weber (1864-1920, Prussia)
• Focused on effects of
society on individual
• Believed sociologists should
attempt to uncover
people’s feelings through
the meanings people attach
to their actions (verstehen)
• Employed concept of the
ideal type against which
social reality can be
measured
American Contributions
• Built on European work as US
experienced its own Industrial
Revolution
• First department of sociology
at University of Chicagofocused on group interactions
and finding practical solutions
to social problems
• Expanded focus to
marginalized groups
– Jane Addams
– W.E.B Du Bois
Jane Addams (1860-1935, US)
• Studied urban poor and
provided first serious
discussion on effects of
industrialization and
urbanization
• Focused on imbalance of
power of social classes
• Developed Chicago’s Hull
House to help immigrants
and poor
W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963, US)
• Used empirical community
studies to show the
significance of race in
American society
• Attacked assumption that
African American were an
inferior race
• Worked to help blacks with
development of NAACP
Who is considered to be the father
of sociology?
Max Weber
Herbert Spencer
Auguste Comte
Karl Marx
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Who is the father of communism
and studied conflict?
Max Weber
Herbert Spencer
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx
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Darwinism (social natural selection)?
Max Weber
Herbert Spencer
Emile Durkheim
Harriet Martineau
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Who focused on individuals’
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Max Weber
Jane Addams
Herbert Spencer
W.E.B. Du Bois
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All of the following believed sociologists should
attempt to solve social problems EXCEPT
Jane Addams
Harriet Martineau
W.E.B. Du Bois
Herbert Spencer
Auguste Comte
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Synthesis
• What were some of the main ideas and
theories that developed during the 1800s and
early 1900s about sociology?
• Which sociologist do you think was most
important?