Transcript History of Modern European Psychology

Osophies, Ologies, &
Isms
Good times had by all
Philosophy
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814)
Georg Hegel (1770-1831)
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 -1900)
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
Michel Foucault (1926-1984)
Jacques Derrida (1930-2004)
Roberto Unger***
Political Philosophy
 Concerns itself with what “ought” to
be the relationship between man and
the state
 What ought to be adopted and/or
enacted by the state
 Machiavelli introduces rudimentary
scientific method with “observations”
 Concept of Natural Law and Natural
Right introduced in this context
Political Philosophers
Machiavelli
Luther / Calvin
Francis Bacon
Thomas Hobbes
Montesquieu, Locke,
Rosseau
 Edmund Burke
 Paine, Jefferson
 Mary Wollstoncraft
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Georg Hegal
Comte
Alexis de Tocqueville
Mikhail Bakunin
Marx and Engels
Spencer
Nietzsche
Max Weber
Lenin
Liberalism:
(see handout)
 Generally positive in outlook
 Locke’s “An Essay on Human Understanding” is
cornerstone work
 Focus is on the securing of human freedoms
 The state is responsible for securing those
freedoms
 The liberal seeks the best form of government
which will permit the individual to pursue life
as he or she sees fit within a neutral
framework, and it is the possibility of a neutral
framework that critics challenge the liberal
ideal.
Conservatism
 Traditionally a pessimistic view of human
nature
 Seek to secure the status quo through
established political structures
 Thomas Hobbes and Edmund Burke are
poster children for conservatism
 Oppose revolution and reform
 Private property is sacred right
19th and 20th c. century European
conservatism
 England: Burke, Whigs, and Tory(ies)
 Congress System et al
 French and German conservatism dominate
the political scene in late century
 Nazi Germany and Hitler destroy credibility
for several decades
 Among those responsible for the “neoconservatism of late 20th c is British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher & US Pres R.R.
Whigs
Tories
Both: Relatively conservative & upper-class bias;
both anti-Catholic at times; dry humor and like tea
 Const’ mono & opposition
to absolutism parliament
primacy
 Power residing in
people
 Supported aristocratic
fams (‘Country Party’)
 Supported non-Anglicans
(dissenters)
 (18th c) Supported liberal
free trade, abolition of
slavery, expansion of
suffrage, industrialists and
urban dwellers  reformer
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Passed 1832, but more
than they wanted
Anti-Corn Law League
 Evolves into Liberal Party
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William Pitt the Younger
Supported landed interests –
gentry (noble, but not title),
Anglican Church, & crown
(‘Court Party’)  Royalists
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Loyalists before 1688; then
dissenters  supported
Stuarts
(18th c) Associated with
“old” landowning gentry
against ‘new money’ 
supported status quo &
privileges & exclusions
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Sovereignty of leaders &
hierarchy
Championed workers (against
industrialists)
Opposed Home Rule
Evolved into Conservative
Party
Socialism
 Advocates state ownership and control of
the means of production
 Capitalism is morally and politically flawed
 Gained popularity prior to and after World
War I
 Modern European (western) society is a
careful mixture of capitalist and socialist
principles
Anarchism
 Anarchy stems from the Greek word,
anarkos, meaning "without a chief."
 Any institution or morality that is
inconsistent with the life freely chosen is to
be attacked, criticized, and rejected.
 What is therefore the crucial issue for
anarchists is defining what constitutes
genuinely artificial impediments and
structures from those that are the product
of nature or of voluntary activities.
Environmentalism
 Not Green Peace!!!
 Concerns itself less with the rights of
people and more with the rights of
other species and the planet
Political philosophy AP Questions
 Identify and summarize the
differences between socialism and
liberalism in 19th century Europe.
 Discuss the origins and evolution of
European Liberalism as a political
movement during the 19th century.
Economics
 François Quesnay,1694-1774
Tableau Économique (1759) Physiocrat
 Adam Smith, 1723-1790
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
 Thomas Malthus, 1766-1834
 Nikolai Ivanovitch Bukharin, 1888-1938
 Thorstein Veblen, 1857-1929 ***
 John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946
 John Kenneth Galbraith (1908-2006)
Economic Theory (s)
 Feudalism
 Mercantilism (see notes and textbook)
 Physiocrats: French school rejected (M) had as
primary objective the further development of agriculture as
central feature of economy / a laissez-faire approach
 Classical School: Began with publication of Adam
Smith’s Wealth of Nations / L-F but pressed idea of a
complex economy. Ricardo, Malthus, Mill among disciples
 Marginalist School: Introduced concepts of supply
and demand and consumer utility
Economic Theory (s)
 Marxist School: Karl Marx presents concept of
evolutionary economic theory / capitalism exploits workers /
forecast proletarian revolution and demise of capitalism
 Institutionalist School: Discusses economic theory
as part of society as a whole / economy influenced by forces
other than economic / rejected L-F and advocated
government control in the effort to more equitably distribute
income
 Keynesian School: Reaction to the worldwide
depression of the 1930’s / advocate government
intervention on the tax and spending side when conditions
dictate
Economics AP Questions
 Describe and analyze economic policies in
Western and Eastern Europe after 1945.
 Compare and contrast the economic role of the
state in 17th c. and 18th c. Europe to the social
and economic roles of the state in Europe after
the Second World War.
 Analyze how economic and social
developments affected women in England
between 1700-1850.
Sociology: the systematic study of
social behavior, human groups and
institutions.
• Origins in 19th c. Industrialism
• Originally a desire to understand the
human response to exploitation of
industrialism and changing nature of
relationships as a result of
urbanization
• Areas of study include religion,
education, economics, law,
psychology, ethics, philosophy and
theology
• Important because it attempts to
explain fundamental changes that
Sociologists
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Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
Émile Durkheim (1858-1917)
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Michel Foucault (1926-1984)
Social History AP
Questions:
• Compare and contrast the women’s
suffrage movements of the late 19th
century and early 20th century with the
European feminist movements of the
1960’s and 1970’s
• Identify four specific changes in science
and technology and explain their effects on
Western European Family and private life
between 1918-1970
• Analyze and assess the extent to which
the First World War accelerated European
Social change in such areas as work, sex
roles, and government in everyday life.
Psychology
 The study of Psychology as a science began in
Europe
 Progressed through many different thinkers with
different ideas and schools of thought
 This succession was affected by Europe’s
history as well as Europe’s culture being
affected by psychology
Darwin’s Impact on European Society
 Darwin’s idea of the Survival of the fittest
affected many European lives
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It changed the attitude of many people,
making them much more competitive and
ruthless
The idea behind Manifest Destiny is also
inspired by Darwin
Paul Pierre Broca (1824-1880)
Broca’s Research and Discovery
 Researched the location of the production of
speech
 Researched of the lateralization of brain
functions
 Discovered the speech production center of the
brain, located in the frontal lobes
 Region now known as “Broca’s area”
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
 Known as the “” Father of
Psychology
Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927)
 He attempted to classify the
structures of the mind like
other scientists would
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Freud’s impact on European Society
 Revolutionized ideas of how the human
mind works
 Established the theory that the unconscious
motives control much of human behavior
 Advanced fields of psychiatry and
psychology
Freud’s Impact on European Art Movement
 Freud’s theories influenced surrealism
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Freud preformed psychoanalysis which was
like the concept of many paintings
 Exploring the inner depths of the
unconscious mind
 Freud’s ideas also were used by many
authors and artists as subject matter
Freud’s Theories
 Freud observed many patients on how they
behaved according to their unconscious drives and
experiences
 Thought that people used what he called defense
mechanisms
 Freud’s Division of the Brain
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Freud believed that the brain was divided into three
different parts
The Id
 The Ego
 The Superego
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Carl Gustav Jung (1875- 1961)
 Founder of analytical
psychology
 Successor of Sigmund
Freud
Jung’s Works
 He broke with Freud in 1912, when he published Psychology of
the Unconscious
 It focused on the two dimensions of the unconscious
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The personal part, encompasses the repressed or
forgotten content of an individual's mental and
material life
The “collective unconscious”, which Jung referred to
as the acts and mental patterns shared either by
members of a culture or universally by all human
beings
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
 Founder of individual
psychology
 Rejected Freudian
theories
Adler’s Achievements
 In 1898, he wrote his first book which his main beliefs of
his school of thought were based
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Focusing on the necessity of looking at man as
a whole, reacting to his/her environment
 In 1912 Adler published, The Neurotic Constitution
 His next book was Understanding Human Nature in
1927
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Terms Process of Learning
 Schema- certain skills learned to deal with
ones environment
 Assimilation- the act of copying a behavior
learned from an old schema and repeating it
on a new object
 Accommodation- accommodating an old
schema to a new object
 Adaptation- broad term for learning how to do
many things
Piaget’s Cognitive Stages
 Sensorimotor stage
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From birth to two years old
 Preoperational stage
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From two years old to seven years old
 Concrete stage
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From seven years old to eleven years old
 Formal stage
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Over eleven years old
AP FRQ’s:
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Compare and contrast political liberalism with
political conservatism in the first half of the 19th
century in Europe.
Analyze the criticism of European society
presented by European authors in the period of
1940-1970. Be sure to include at least two
works.
Describe and analyze the ways in which
Marxism, Freudianism, and the women’s
movement challenged traditional European
beliefs before WW I
AP FRQ’s:
Describe the differences among the
Utopian socialists, Karl Marx, and
Revisionist socialists in their critique of
19th century economy and society.
 Describe and analyze the issues and
ideas in the debate in Europe between
1750-1846 over the proper role of
government in the economy. Give
specific examples.
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