Transcript clinical psychology

Aim: How does understanding the individual
contribute to our study of Forces That Influences
Social Change?
Studying the mind of the
individual
Who are these Psychologists?

What is Psychology? – The study
how and why humans act as they
do.

Instead of studying how humans
function in cultures or societies,
psychologists are specialist who
focus on the individual, and the
personal and unique experiences that
influence how the individual acts and
thinks
Types of Psychology
Experimental Psychology
 The branch of the discipline
that sets up experiments to
see how individuals act in
particular situations

Question - Would you help a
complete stranger that was
being threatened with violence
from another person?
The Case of Kitty Genovese

The Case of Kitty Genovese - Kitty was murdered on
the street outside her New York City apartment after
loud shouting was heard - 38 people witnessed the
murder but did nothing to stop it

Psychologists have long been interested in our
unwillingness to get involved in uncomfortable
situations even if someone’s personal safety is at
risk

People have a tendency see themselves as
bystanders in such situations rather than as
ACTORS

ACTORS are people who become active
participants in a situation

The Bystander Effect - Kitty Genovese
Case Study:
“When Bystanders Join In”
 Pg.
16. Questions 1 &2
 DO
NOW
When Bystanders Join In

4 years after Genovese was murdered, two
psychologists, John Darley and Bibb Latane, wanted to
identify the factors that influence bystanders’ decisions
to get involved in public situations

Experiment: What would affect whether or not people
would get involved in a Frisbee game with strangers

Conclusions?

Relation to Genovese case?
Clinical Psychology

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY is the
branch of the discipline that develops
programs for treating individuals
suffering from mental illnesses and
behavioral disorders

E.g. Psychologists treat dangerous
offenders in federal prisons in an
attempt to prevent them from reoffending on release
Psychological Schools of Thought
Like the other social sciences, psychology
has been divided into a number of schools
of thought
 Psychoanalytic Theory
 Behaviouralism
 Learning Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory

The mind is divided into two parts:
the conscious and the
unconscious

We are aware of our conscious but
not aware of our unconscious

According to psychologists, our
unconscious mind has more
influence than our conscious mind
on our personalities and our
behavior
The Unconscious Mind
The Unconscious mind is divided
into three parts:
1. Id – which encourages us to
seek physical satisfaction
2.
Superego – prompts us to
do the moral thing, not the
one that feels best
3.
Ego – the referee between
the two and deals with
external reality, this is our
most conscious self
The Central Approach to
Psychoanalytical Theory

Is that the unconscious mind can be
unlocked through Dream Analysis
and Hypnosis

Criticisms of this approach - problems
can arise from bringing up repressed
memories, raises questions as to creating
false memories.
Sigmund Freud

The founder of
psychoanalytic theory

He believed our early
childhood experiences,
usually involving our
relationships with parents
and family, are stored in
our unconscious mind

While we are normally
unaware of these
memories, they can have a
powerful influence on the
way we function

For those that live with a
general sense of frustration,
our behavior may become
neurotic and connected with
anxiety or obsessiveness
which can be treated using
dream analysis, hypnosis and
individual counseling

Freud felt that individual
sexual satisfaction or
frustration was the key
element in personality
development
1. Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born on
May 6, 1856, Czech Republic
2. His family constellation was unusual because Freud's two halfbrothers, Emmanuel and Philipp, were almost the same age as his
mother. Freud was slightly younger than his nephew John,
Emmanuel's son. This odd situation may have triggered Freud's
interest on family dynamics, leading to his ulterior formulations on the
Oedipus Complex.
He abbreviated his name to Sigmund
Freud in 1877.
8. The term psychoanalysis'* (free
association) was named by Freud in
1896.
The medical world still regarded his
work with hostility and he worked in
isolation
7. Freud and Breuer published their
findings in Studies on Hysteria in 1895
In the same year, Freud was able to
analyze, for the first time, one of his own
dreams, subsequently known as "The
Dream of Irma's Injection".
The Interpretation of Dreams which Freud
considered the most important of all his
books
SIGMUND FREUD
(1856-1939)
3. Freud's father, a Jewish wool
merchant of modest means, moved
the family to Leipzig, Germany
(1859), and then settled in Vienna
(1860), where Freud remained until
1938.
4. Having considered studying
law previously, he decided instead
on a career in medical research,
beginning his studies at Vienna
University (1873). Became a
doctor of medicine in 1881.
“FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY”
"I discovered some important new facts about the unconscious in psychic life. People did not
believe in my facts and thought my theories unsavory"
7. He established a private practice,
specializing in nervous disorders. His
interest in Hysteria* was stimulated by
Breuer's and Charcot's use of Hypnotherapy
6. He married her in 1886. The
couple had six children
5. From 1884 to 1887 Freud published several articles on
Cocaine. – Freud at the time was suffering from depression,
chronic fatigue, and other neurotic symptoms.
Freud "tried the effect of a 20th of a gram and found it turned
the bad mood he was in into cheerfulness, giving him the
feeling of having dined well 'so that there is nothing at all one
need bother about,' but without robbing him of any energy for
exercise or work." He became addicted
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Adler - believed that
difficulties people
encounter in gaining selfesteem and recognition, if
not overcome by the
normal means lead to
compensatory behavior
and resultant personality
disorders which are now
widely referred to as an
inferiority complex.
Carl Jung (1875-1961)

Responsible for the
identification of the
Extroverted (outwardlooking) and Introverted
(inward-looking) personality
types.

Worked closely with Freud but
split later in their careers

The other aspect of Jung's
work which has been very
influential is his approach to
the analysis of dreams.

Behaviorists believe that
psychologists can predict and
control or modify human behavior
by identifying the factors that
motivate it in the first place

Behaviorists placed particular
stress on the early childhood
years, and the rules or practices
parents use to raise their children.

They believe these methods have
a huge influence on the character
of individuals even into adulthood.

Criticisms include: It is difficult
to substantiate results, ignores the
influence of heredity.
Behavioralism
Charles B. Watson (1878-1958)

The founder of
behaviouralism

He used animal experiments to
determine whether strict or
flexible learning patterns are
more effective

He believed children
should be brought up using
strictly scheduled, rulesbased models.
Benjamin Spock (1903-1998)

He believed that a
permissive
approach to child
rearing, rather
than a strict one,
would result in
successful, welladjusted adults.

He encouraged
parents to be loving,
flexible and
supportive
Learning Theory

Learning Theorists agree that
humans are born with little
instinct but much learning
potential

They believe that most human
behavior is learned, especially
in child and youth.

By controlling the way in which
humans learn behavior, society
can have a great influence on
their ultimate personalities.

Criticisms include: Treats
people like robots – assumes
we behave the same way
given identical rewards and/or
punishments.
Ivan Pavlov
(1849-1936)

Pavlov’s experiments with
dogs showed that it was
possible to get a dog to
associate the sound of a
bell with the imminent
arrival of food

At the sound of a bell, the
dog would salivate in
anticipation

Classical Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Skinner proved that pigeons could be
trained to peck at a particular colored
disk to get food rewards

Rats received food rewards for
pressing a bar in a complicated
sequence leading many theorists to
believe that learning was a
STIMULUS-RESPONSE effect

He believed that if the subject is
correctly stimulated it will give
the appropriate response

Theory of OPERANT CONDITIONING:
learning can be programmed by
whatever consequences follows a
particular behavior
Alfred Bandura (Born in 1925)

Bandura concluded that
learning is largely a modeling
experience

When humans observe
behavior – either acceptable or
unacceptable – they are more
likely to practice it

Question - What does this

mean to us?
http://www.experiment-resources.com/bobo-dollexperiment.html
Abraham Maslov (1908-1970)

Analysis of human needs
organized into a hierarchy ranging
from basic survival through to the
need for love, security and esteem

Highest level was “self
actualization (integration of the
self > making the personality
whole)

Maslow's theories had most
profound impact on industrial
psychology (making workplace a
satisfying experience by raising
morale of workers to improve
performance)
Featured Psychologist
Featured Psychologist
Basic Work
Similarities & Differences
B.F. Skinner
American behavioural
Psychologist
•Operant conditioning
•Behaviours increase if rewarded
and decrease if punished
Focus on individuals
Mechanistic evaluation of human
actions based on reactions of
others and self
Carl Jung
American psychologist
Personal collective unconscious
Can only treat if we understand
the way the person’s personality
has been formed (typology)
Focus on individuals
Concept of collective unconscious
affecting personality development
Abraham Maslow
American psychologist
Hierarchy of human needs
Lower needs must be met before
we can meet higher needs, with
self-actualization as a distant goal
Focus on individuals
Ideas of basic human needs
being met
Marion Woodman
Canadian Jungian Analyst
Patriarchy is outdated
We need to be free ourselves
from patriarchy, stop placing
science above the spiritual, and
take a more holistic approach to
life.
Focus on individual
Concerned with how patriarchal
ideas have shaped our
personality.
Readings

Read through the handout, “Treating
Mental Disorders”

Continue reading Chapters 1-2 (cover the
psychology section)