Transcript Lect ch 11.1

Table of Contents
11.1 What
Chapter
Preview
is an Animal?
11.2 What
11.1
Sponges
is anand
Animal?
Cnidarians
11.3 Sponges
11.2
Worms and
andMollusks
Cnidarians
11.4 Worms
11.3
Arthropods
and Mollusks
11.5 Arthropods
11.4
Echinoderms
11.5 Echinoderms
Chapter 11 Preview Questions
1. Which of the following animals appeared
first during Earth’s history?
a. fishes
b. mammals
c. worms
d. reptiles
Chapter 11 Preview Questions
1. Which of the following animals appeared
first during Earth’s history?
a. fishes
b. mammals
c. worms
d. reptiles
Chapter 11 Preview Questions
2. Which of the following structures is NOT found
in animal cells?
a. cell wall
b. cell membrane
c. mitochondria
d. nucleus
Chapter 11Preview Questions
2. Which of the following structures is NOT found
in animal cells?
a. cell wall
b. cell membrane
c. mitochondria
d. nucleus
Chapter 11 Preview Questions
3. If an animal reproduces asexually, it
a. has two parent organisms.
b. undergoes conjugation.
c. is genetically identical to its
offspring.
d. inherits two different sets of alleles.
Chapter 11 Preview Questions
3. If an animal reproduces asexually, it
a. has two parent organisms.
b. undergoes conjugation.
c. is genetically identical to its
offspring.
d. inherits two different sets of alleles.
Chapter 11 Preview Questions
4. If an animal has specialized tissues and
organs, the animal’s cells have undergone
a. photosynthesis.
b. osmosis.
c. selective breeding.
d. differentiation.
Chapter 11 Preview Questions
4. If an animal has specialized tissues and
organs, the animal’s cells have undergone
a. photosynthesis.
b. osmosis.
c. selective breeding.
d. differentiation.
Use Clues to Determine
Meaning
The animals called cnidarians have two different
body plans. One form looks something like a vase.
What a The vase-shaped body plan is called a polyp.
polyp is A polypís mouth opens at the top and its tentacles
spread out from around the mouth.
Additional
information
about a polyp
Apply It!
1. In your own words, what is the meaning of polyp?
Sample: A polyp is a vase-shaped cnidarian.
2. What sentence contains the definition of polyp?
Sentence 3
3. What other clues help you understand the meaning of
polyp?
The last sentence tells me it has a mouth that opens at
the top and is
surrounded by spreading tentacles.
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
FRANCISCO REDI Similar to Louis Pasteur's
spontaneous generation experiment, the 17th
century Italian scientist Franceso Redi
conducted an experiment to refute the theory
of Spontaneous Generation nearly 200 years
earlier.
Spontaneous Generation
Before the 17th century, the belief of where life
came from was Spontaneous Generation:
Living things come from non-living things
Ex. Throwing waste into the street
creates rats and flies
Four scientists tested
this hypothesis:
*Redi
*Needham
*Spallanzani
*Pasteur
Redi’s Experiment
Jars of meat
Two open jars vs. two closed jars
Result: Maggots and flies were only found in
the open jars
What do
these
results
tell us?
Needham
• It was known at the time that heat
was lethal to living organisms.
• Needham theorized that if he took
chicken broth and heated it, all
living things in it would die.
• After heating some broth, he let a
flask cool and sit at a constant
temperature.
• Result: Lots of microorganisms
grew in flask
What do
these
results
tell us?
Spallanzani’s Experiment
Took Needham’s testing further and
sealed some of the jars so no air
could enter
Boiled meat broth in two flasks
Open flask vs. sealed flask
Result: After three days, the broth in
the open flask was cloudy =
microorganism growth
What do
these
results
tell us?
Conclusion to all 3
experiments:
spontaneous generation
disproved
The New hypothesis:
biogenesis: all living
things come
from other living things.
Section 11.1:
What is an
Animal?
How are animal bodies typically
organized?
What are the four major functions
of animals?
What is symmetry?
How are animals classified?
Structure of Animals
The cells of most animals are
organized into higher levels of
structure, including tissues, organs,
and systems.
Structure of Animals
The cells of most animals
are organized into higher
levels of structure,
including tissues, organs,
and systems.
Classification of Animals
This branching tree shows how
the major animal groups are
related.
Section 11.2:
Sponges and
Cnidarians?
What are the main characteristics
of sponges?
What are the main characteristics
of cnidarians?
11.2
Sponges and Cnidarians
11.2 Sponges
and Cnidarians
Sponges are basic
they have no tissue
or organs- just cells.
Sponges are from
the phylum Porifera.
They are also known
as poriferans.
Sponges are the
simplest organisms
classified as animals.
Most adult poriferans are
considered to have
asymmetrical body shapes.
They grow in random ways.
The environment influences
their growth more than their
genetic makeup.
TWO STAGES OF LIFE=
Swimming stage-larvae
Anchored stage
SPONGE CELLS
The Collar cells= flagella to move
water into the sponge.
Spikes = rigid cells that give
support
Jelly like cell= digest and distribute
food, remove waste, sperm and
eggs
Pores =water moves in and exits
out the osculum at the top of the
sponge
Sponges
Structures surrounding the central cavity
of a sponge are adapted for different
functions.
Cnidarians
Cnidarians have two basic body plans,
the vase-shaped polyp and the bowlshaped medusa.
CNIDARIANS
Anemone and coral are shaped
with one end attached to
something solid and the other
end with tentacles moving out
into the water.
They have stinging cells to
defend themselves
Cnidarians
Cnidarians use stinging
cells to capture food and
defend themselves.
Cnidarians
The life cycle
of a moon
jelly has both
a polyp and a
medusa
stage, and
both sexual
and asexual
reproduction.
Reproduction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
oHiVA9J_YIM&feature=related
Section 11.3:
Worms and
Mollusks
What are the main characteristics
of worms?
What are the main characteristics
of each phylum of worms?
What are the main characteristics
of mollusks?
What are eth main groups of
mollusks?
mollusks
Although they don’t look much alike at
first, a snail, a clam, and a squid have
the same basic body structures.
•Soft bodies
•Most with a hard shell
•Mantle to secrete shell and protect
organs
Characteristics of Mollusks
Although they don’t look much alike at first, a
snail, a clam, and a squid have the same
basic body structures.
Examples of Mollusks
Clams
Oysters
Scallops
Octopuses
Snails
Phylum Molluska
Characteristics of Mollusks
Soft bodies
Most with a hard shell
Mantle to secrete shell and
protect organs
3 Major Groups of Mollusks
1. Gastropods: snails and slugs
2. Bivalves: clams, oysters,
scallops, and mussels
3. Cephalopods: Octopuses,
cuttlefish, squid, and nautiluses
Gastropods
1. Gastropods: snails
and slugs
A single shell or no shell
“Stomach foot”
Snails and Slugs
1. Gastropods= snails and
slugs
A single shell or no shell
“Stomach foot”
have an organ called a radula,
which tears and scrapes up
food.
Snails and Slugs
Gastropods such as this
land snail have an organ
called a radula, which tears
and scrapes up food.
BIVALVES
clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels
Two shells
Filter feeders
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=mO44qj7evA4
Bivalves
2. Bivalves: clams, oysters, scallops,
and mussels
Two shells
Filter feeders
CEPHALOPODS
Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid, and
nautiluses
Swim by jet propulsion
Complex nervous system
Muscular tentacles with suckers
Cephalopods
Cephalopods: Octopuses, cuttlefish,
squid, and nautiluses
Swim by jet propulsion
Complex nervous system
Muscular tentacles with suckers
Characteristics of Worms
Biologists classify worms into three major
phyla—flatworms, roundworms, and
segmented worms.
Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Planarians
Parasitic flukes
Tapeworms
They are distinguished by
having a simple flattened
body.
Life Cycle of a Dog Tapeworm
This tapeworm is a parasite that lives in
more that one host during its life cycle.
Roundworms
Parasites to animals
and humans
Nemtodes
Segmented Worms
Phylum annelid
Earthworms
Body made up of many
segments
Section 11.4:
Arthropods
What are the general characteristics of
arthropods?
What are the distinguishing structures
of crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes
and millipedes, and insects?
Arthropods Ch 11.4
Characteristics of Arthropods
Invertebrates
Exoskeleton
Segmented bodies
“Jointed bodies”
Open circulatory system
Major Groups of Arthropods
1. Crustaceans
2. Arachnids:
3. Centipedes and millipedes
Crustaceans
1. Crustaceans: crabs,
barnacles, shrimp,
crayfish
Two or three body sections
3 pair of appendages for
chewing
5 or more pair of legs
Crustaceans
A crustacean is an arthropod that has two
or three body sections, five or more pairs
of legs, and two pairs of antennae.
Arachnids
2. Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites,
and scorpions
Two body sections
8 pair of legs
no antennae
. Arachnids
spiders, ticks, mites, & scorpions
Two body sections
8 pair of legs
no antennae
Insects
Phylum Arthropoda
Characteristics of Insects
Invertebrates
Exoskeleton
Three body sections
(head, thorax, abdomen)
One or two pair of wings
Open circulatory system
Six legs
Communication
Sound
Pheromones (perfume for insects)
Body Structure
Insects are arthropods with three body
sections, six legs, one pair of antennae,
and usually one or two pairs of wings.
Life Cycle
An insect with complete metamorphosis
has four different stages: egg, larva,
pupa, and adult.
Life Cycle
An insect with gradual metamorphosis
has no distinct larval stage. An egg
hatches into a stage called a nymph,
which usually looks like the adult insect
without wings.
Defense in Insects
Flying
Camouflage
Exoskeleton
Smell or taste
Stingers
Communication
Sound
Pheromones (perfume for insects)
Centipedes and
millipedes
Segmented bodies
Appendages on each segment
Centipedes are carnivores
Centipedes and millipedes
Segmented bodies
Appendages on each segment
Centipedes are carnivores
Section 11.5:
Echinoderms
What are the main characteristics of
echinoderms?
What are the major groups of
echinoderms?
Phylum Echinodermata
Characteristics of Echinoderms
Radial symmetry
Ocean dwellers
“spiney skinned”
Endoskeleton of calcium plates
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Characteristics of Echinoderms
Echinoderms, such as this sea star, have
a water vascular system that helps them
move and catch food.
Diversity of Echinoderms
There are four major groups of
echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea
urchins, and sea cucumbers. All have
radial symmetry and are found in the
ocean.