Transcript Chapter 7 Notes ppt

Animal Studies
Invertebrates
All living things…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Use energy
Grow and develop
Have a life span
Adjust to the environment
Reproduce
Look like their parents
Respond to stimuli
Made of cells
Highly organized structure
Organizing Living Things
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primata
Hominidae
Homo
Sapien
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Pantera
Leo
3 Domains of Life
Eukaryota Domain
• 4 Kingdoms:
– Protists
– Fungi
– Plants
– Animal
What is your favorite animal?
Which of the following is not an animal?
B
A
E
H
C
D
G
F
I
J
What makes an organism an
animal?
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•
•
•
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Multi-cellular
No cell walls
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
The animal kingdom can be divided
into 9 smaller groups. Each group is
called a phylum.
Pay attention to…
• Animal body plan
– Embryo development
– Symmetry
– Tissue layers
• Gas exchange
– How does the animal get oxygen?
• Food intake
– How does the animal get its food?
Embryo development
Egg and Sperm – sex cells
Zygote – fertilized egg
Blastula – hollow
ball of cells
Gastrula – beginning of digestive tract
Body Symmetry
• Asymmetrical – no symmetry
• Radial – infinite lines of symmetry
• Bilateral – one line of symm. (2 equal halves)
First Question
• Does the animal have true tissue?
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
PHYLUM: PORIFERA
Sponges
Sponges are sessile
(spend their adult lives attached to rocks)
• Body Plan:
– Porifera = “pore-bearer”
– No true tissue
– Asymmetrical
• Gas Exchange
– Ocean currents travel through pores providing
dissolved oxygen to the sponge’s cells
• Food intake
– Currents also bring in bacteria and small food
particles for the sponge
Water enters the small pores of a sponge,
travels through canals, and exits through
a large hole at the top of the sponge.
Sponge vocab
• Osculum – large opening where water exits
• Spongocoel – cavity in center of sponge
• Choanocyte – cells with flagella to help
current through the sponge
Sponge videos
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC3tAt
Xdaik
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPT
M965-1c
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7E1rq7
zHLc
Second Question
• Does the animal have bilateral symmetry?
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tissue layers
Tissue Layers
• Endoderm – inner tissue layer
• Ectoderm – outer tissue layer
• Mesoderm – middle tissue layer
PHYLUM: CNIDARIA
Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals
• Body Plan:
– 2 cell layers (tissue)
• Outer layer is protective
• Inner layer is digestive
– Radial Symmetry
– Two body plans
• Polyp – tentacles facing up
• Medusa – tentacles hanging down
– Tentacles with stinging cells
• Cnidocytes – stinging cells
• Nematocyst – capsule in Cnidocytes that holds a
coiled barb and poison
Medusa
(jellyfish)
Polyp
(sea anemone)
• Gas Exchange
– Similar to sponges, individual cells absorb their
own oxygen
• Food intake
– Cnidarians catch prey in their tentacles
– Food goes in space between the inner cell layer
called the gastrovascular cavity
– Enzymes break down food
• Cnidarians also have a simple nervous
system
– Stimuli response and movement
• Reproduction
– Sponges may reproduce asexually by budding
or fragmentation
– They can also reproduce sexually by releasing
sperm and eggs into the water
Coral reefs
Cnidaria Videos
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbpB5F
9CcLc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLmSh
VvnQWg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOf2R
RmSkgQ
Tissue Layers
• Endoderm – inner tissue layer
• Ectoderm – outer tissue layer
• Mesoderm – middle tissue layer
• Coelom – body cavity surrounded by
mesoderm tissue
• Acoelom – no body cavity
• Pseudocoelom – body cavity not
completely surrounded by mesoderm
Third question
• Does the animal have a coelom?
No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
PHYLUM:
PLATYHELMINTHES
Flatworms
Acoelom
• Body Plan:
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–
–
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True tissue (all three forms)
Bilateral symmetry
Start to see a “head” formation
No body cavity
Two types of flatworms:
• Free-living (planaria)
• Parasitic (tapeworms and flukes)
Flatworms are the first animals to have a
head.
• Gas Exchange
– breathe by diffusion, so no cell can be too far
from the outside, making a flattened shape
necessary.
• Food intake
– Parasitic flatworms get nutrients from host
organism
– Free-living flatworms have a mouth “straw”
that draws in food into a branched
gastrovascular cavity
The worms in this phylum are all very
thin and flat.
parasitic liver fluke
• Reproduction
– Sexual repro.
• male and female organisms come together
– Asexual repro.
• one organism has both male and female parts
(hermaphrodite)
• regeneration
Platyhelminthes Videos
• http://www.youtube.com/results?search_qu
ery=planaria
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXN_5S
PBPtM
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZQdLBfCsU
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bb32g02
IIs8
Fourth question
• Does the animal have a true coelom?
No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
PHYLUM: NEMATODA
Roundworms
• Body Plan
– Pseudocoelom
– Bilateral Symmetry
– Smooth appearance
• Gas Exchange
– Cells still get their own oxygen via diffusion
• Food intake
– Complete digestive tract (food comes in
through the mouth and waste leaves through the
other end)
– Most are parasitic and feed off a host
This is a pork worm (Trichinella.)
• Sexual reproduction (no hermaphrodites)
– The males and females are separate organisms
Ascaris Life Cycle
Ascaris Dissection!!
How to dissect….
Questions
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Is it male or female?
What phylum does it belong to?
Is it parasitic or free-living?
What two systems did you find?
How does this worm get its food?
Be able to identify the mouth/tail, the
intestine, and ovaries/testes
• Protostome – “first the mouth”
– These animals develop mouth first
• Deuterostome – “second the mouth”
– These animals develop anus first
Fifth Questions
• Is the animal a deuterostome? And is it
segmented?
No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA
Clams, snails, squid, octopus
• Body Plan
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–
–
–
–
Mollusk = “soft body”
Embryo development: Protostome
Bilateral symmetry
Mantle – body tissue that secretes shell
Muscular foot
• Gas exchange
– mollusks have gills – specialized tissue that
separates oxygen from water
• Reproduction is external, some larva are
parasitic
3 Major Types of Mollusks
1. Bivalvia
2. Gastropoda
3. Cephalopoda
Bivalvia
• Clams and oysters
• “two shells” which are identical
• Known for making pearls
– Nacre
Gastropoda
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“stomach foot”
Snails and slugs
Largest mollusk group (80%)
Spiral shells
Cephalopoda
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“Head foot”
Octopus, squid, and nautilus
Modified arms or tentacles
Largest brains of the invertebrates
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•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCAIedFgdY0
• Nautilus
• Octopus
• Food intake
– Bivalvia – filter feeders
– Gastropoda – scavengers and herbivores
– Cephalopoda - predators
Clam Dissection
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADGkuX8IL9c
Sixth question
• Is the animal a deuterostome? And/or does
the it have jointed legs?
No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes
PHYLUM: ANNELIDA
Earthworms and leeches
• Body Plan
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Protostome
Segmented - divided into sections
Clitellum - reproductive sections (32-37)
True coelom
Circulatory System
Circular and Longitudinal Muscles
• Food Intake
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Mouth (seg 1-2)
Muscular Pharynx (4-5)
Esophagus (6-12)
Crop (14-15) - softens food
Gizzard (17-18) - grinds food
Intestine (19 – end) - absorbs food
• Gas Exchange
– Absorbs oxygen through the skin so they must
stay wet
• Reproduction
– Most leeches and earthworms are hermaphrodites
Annelida Facts
• Why do earthworms surface after rain?
– Migration or vibrations
• How are leeches used for medicine and
beauty?
– Reattach lost limbs and wrinkle removal
Palolo worm
• Worms help aerate the soil
Dissection!!
Seventh Question
• Is the animal a deuterostome?
No No No No No No No Yes Yes
PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
Lobsters, insects, spiders
• Body Plan:
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–
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Arthropoda = “joint-foot” (jointed legs)
Bilateral Symmetry
True Coelom
Protostome
Segmented
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
All arthropods, including this tick,
have jointed legs.
– Exoskeleton
• Made of tough material that
doesn’t stretch
• They grow by molting
• http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=hXW2gAqzYns
• Gas Exchange
– Wide variety
– Gills, lungs, none
– Blood carries oxygen to
body tissues
• Food Intake
– Wide variety but specialized
– Herbivores, carnivores, decomposers, parasites,
filter feeders, etc…
• Well developed senses
• Sexual Reproduction
– Land species = internal fertilization
– Water species = mostly external fertilization
– Most lay eggs
Major Groups
1. Insects
– grasshopper, butterfly,
fly, bee, beetles, etc...
2. Arachnids
– spiders, ticks, mites,
scorpions
3. Crustaceans
– Lobster, crabs, crayfish
Why are insects so successful?
Crayfish Dissection
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7F0j
Zgdc8A
Last Question
• Does the animal have vertebrae?
No No No No No No No No Yes
PHYLUM:
ECHINODERMATA
Starfish, sand dollars, sea urchins
• Body Plan
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Echinodermata = “spiny skin”
Deuterostome
Adults have radial symmetry
Larva have bilateral symmetry
Water vascular system – fluid-filled network
of canals
• Used for gas exchange, food intake, movement, and
sensory
• Unique to Echinoderms
• Sea cucumber
• Sea Urchin
• Sand Dollar
Water Vascular System
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Seive Plate
Stone Canal
Ring Canal
Ray Canal
Tube Feet
W.V.S (cont.)
• Food intake
– Sea stars are carnivorous
– They pry open clams & oysters
– Invert stomachs which release enzymes
• Sexual Reproduction
– Most external fertilization
• Regeneration - echinoderms can regrow
lost limbs and/or internal organs
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5dO
SyaKWTQ
Echinoderm videos
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HG17Ts
gV_qI
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXf_Yo
dWw40
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3W4O
CnHyCs
PHYLUM: CHORDATA
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Members of Phylum Chordata have a
backbone (they are vertebrates).
Phylum Chordata can be subdivided
into 7 classes:
AGNATHA
CHONDRICHTHYES
OSTEICHTHYES
AMPHIBIA
REPTILIA
AVES
MAMMALIA
Class Agnatha includes jawless fish such
as lampreys. They are parasites on other
fish.
Class Chondrichthyes includes fish
whose skeletons are made of cartilage,
such as sharks, rays, and skates.
Class Osteichthyes includes fish whose
skeletons are made of bone.
Class Amphibia includes semi-aquatic
animals with moist skin. They must
return to the water to breed.
Class Reptilia includes snakes, lizards,
turtles, crocodiles, and iguanas.
They have dry, scaly skin.
Members of Class Aves have wings and
feathers for flight.
Class Mammalia includes animals with
hair or fur. Females have mammary
glands to nurse their young with milk.