PowerPoint 12: Nematoda 1
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Invertebrate Zoology
Lecture 12: Phylum Nematoda (Nemata)
The Nematodes
Lecture outline
Phylum Nematoda (Nemata)
Diversity
Phylogeny (briefly)
Bauplan Basics
Feeding
Circulation/Gas Exchange
Osmoregulation/Excretion
Nervous System
Movement
Reproduction
Diversity
More individual nematodes than
members of any other phyla?
Free-living forms found in nearly
every environment
Free-living marine & freshwater
Between grains of beach sand
Key soil dwellers (nutrient
processing)
Polar ice fields
Key plant & animal parasites
Phylogeny: Hypothesis 1
Based on body plan & development
Hypothesis 1:
Nematoda cross-section:
Note muscles, pseudocoelom & cuticle
Detour: Other Blastocoelomates
Rotifera, Gastrotricha, Kinorhyncha,
Nematomorpha, Priapula
Phylogeny: Hypothesis 2
Based on molecular data, cuticle features
Bauplan basics
Protostome features include
Triploblastic (distinct mesoderm muscles)
Bilateral symmetry & cephalization
Cell fate is determinate
No spiral cleavage
Cleavage pattern unique to Nematoda
Blastocoel forms blastocoelom
(=pseudocoelom)
Feature shared by several phyla
Bauplan basics
Cuticle
In common with
Arthropod cuticle:
Contains chitin
Secreted by epidermis
Several layers
Molts with growth
Ecdysone is key
hormone
Fibers form flexible coil
elastic qualities for
movement
Varies in appearance
Feeding/Digestion
Simple mouth, or with
stylet, teeth, jaws, etc…
Muscular pharynx lined
with cuticle
Use of suction
Digestive system usually
simple, not highly
branched
Intestinal microvilli increase
surface area
Some with bacterial
symbionts & reduced
digestive system
Feeding/Digestion
Gas exchange
Body surface
Pseudocoelomic (=blastocoelomic)
cavity
Exchange between pseudocoelomic
(=blastocoelomic) fluid and organs
No circulatory system
Osmoregulation/excretion
System of lateral cords
connected to a large
cell ("renette")
Associated with
digestive system
Not well-studied
Empties via excretory
pore
Excretion also via the
digestive system
Nervous system
Organization
Nerve ring
Plus associated ganglia
Sensory nerve input (from head)
Four major nerve cords: 1 dorsal, 1 ventral,
2 lateral
Ventral cord may be fused & with ganglia (as in
Annelida and Arthropoda)
Connection of longitudinal muscles is
unique
Muscle arms extend to nerves!
Nervous system
Muscle arms attach to dorsal and
ventral nerve cords
Sensory structures
Anterior
Amphids (chemosensory?)
Narrow canal leads to cell
Modified cilia: non-motile!
Non motile
Ocelli (some)
Additional sensory
structures on entire body
Cuticular bristles and
papillae
Caudal (on parasites)
Phasmids (chemosensory?)
Movement
Muscles
Longitudinal muscles
only
Several along body
length
No peristalsis!
Must push against solid
surface to move forward
Elasticity of cuticle may
aid in movement
Movement
Note antagonistic
muscle action
Right contracted
left relaxed
Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Sexes separate
Single pair of highly coiled gonads
internal fertilization
Male has cuticular spicules
sperm lack flagella (amoeboid)
Oviparous or ovoviviparous
High incidence of parthenogenesis
In some, mating occurs but sperm nucleus not
used.
Some hermaphrodites
Parasitic life cycles
Next time!