Transcript Chapter 3. Multicellular Diversity: Fungi and Animals

Chapter 3. Multicellular Diversity:
Kingdom Animalia
Lesson 6
Learning goals
Learning goals
• Describe the characteristics of animals that set them
apart from other Kingdoms
• Understand the ways animals are classified
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Levels of organization
Symmetry and body planes
Body cavity
Segmentation
Movement
Reproduction
• Analyze the risks posed to biodiversity
ANIMALS: SHARED
CHARACTERISTICS
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Two types of tissues that are only found in animals:
– Nervous system tissue
– Muscle tissue
• Most reproduce sexually
• Most are mobile
MANY, MANY, MANY ANIMALS
• There are thousands of different species within
Animalia, but we will be covering the following
major phylums:
– Porifera (sponges)
– Cnidaria (two-layered animals)
– Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
Invertebrates (no
– Nematoda (round worms)
back bone) make
up 95% of the
– Annelida (segmented worms)
animal kingdom
– Mollusca (shelled animals)
– Echinodermata (radial marine animals)
– Arthropoda (exoskeleton animals)
– Chordata (vertebrates)
General Characteristics
• Eukaryotic,
• heterotrophic,
• require oxygen to perform
cellular respiration
• all evolved from a
common ancestor millions
of years ago.
• There are 33 phyla in this
Kindgom, and 95% of
animals do not have
bones
CLASSIFYING ANIMALS
• Since animals share so many common
characteristics, we classify them based on
other homologies (similar traits)
• Animals are characterized based on body
plan (the layout of their body structures)
– Symmetry
– Organization of body tissues
– Other physiological modifications of body parts
SYMMETRY
• Basic animal body symmetries
– Asymmetric (no symmetry)
– Radial (symmetrical along any plane through
central axis)
– Bilateral (single line of symmetry with left/right
sides)
ORGANIZATION OF BODY TISSUES
• Cells that work together for the
same function form a tissue
• Tissues that work together for the
same function form an organ
• Organs that work together for the
same function form an organ
system
Summary:
• Cells > tissue > organs > organ
systems > Organism
• Some phylums have cells that work
independently
• Other phylums rely more on tissues
and organs for bodily functions
Body Layers
• All animas except Cnidaria have 3 layers of cells
• Develop during embryo into specialized tissues
and organs in the adult
• Ectoderm
– Skin, nerve tissue
• Mesoderm
– Muscle, blood
• Endoderm
– Lungs, liver
Body Cavities
Segmentation
• Worms and scorpions are segmented,
which divide the body into repetitive
sections or segments
• Advantage is that a single segment can be
damaged but other segments can function.
Secondly, move independently, allowing
complex movement
Work
• Pg 113, Q25-30
Invertebrate Phyla
• Each of the following Phyla do not possess
a dorsal nerve cord or vertebral column of
any sort, therefore they are all termed
‘Invertebrates’.
• They are some of the most numerous
animal species on this planet!
Phylum Porifera
• “pore bearing”
• They are primitive, sessile,
mostly marine, water
dwelling filter feeders that
pump water through their
bodies to filter out particles
of food matter.
• Have no true tissue, so were
probably the first jump from
unicellular to multicellular
animals.
• Sponges are the best
example.
Phylum Cnidaria
• Possess stinging cells
• The basic body shape of a
cnidarian consists of a sac
containing a
gastrovascular cavity with
a single opening that
functions as both mouth
and anus.
• Radially symmetrical
• Coral, sea anemones,
jellyfish, sea wasps are
prime examples
Polyp
Medusa
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• ‘flat worm’
• Body is ribbon-shaped, flattened dorso-ventrally (from
top to bottom), and is bilaterally symmetrical.
• Flatworms exhibit an undulating form of locomotion.
• Sexual (hermaphroditic) and asexual (transverse fission)
reproduction.
• Use a haptor to attach to species for feeding. Most are
free-living, some parasites.
• Closed tube digestive system.
• Depending on species and age, individuals can range in
size from almost microscopic to over 20 m long. The
longest ever recorded flatworm was a tapeworm over
27 m long!
Phylum Annelida
• ‘Segmented worms’
• They are found in most wet
environments.
• Open digestive system
• Closed circulatory system
• Reproduce both asexually
(fragmentation) and sexually
(hermaphrodites)
• Range in size from under 1
mm to over 3 m!
• Leeches and Earthworms
are the more known
members.
Work
• Pg 117, Q 31-36
Phylum Arthropoda
• ‘jointed feet’, segmented body with appendages
coming from at least one segment.
• Dorsal heart and ventral nervous system.
• Hard exoskeleton made up of chitin to protect against
drying out.
• Largest Animal phylum (80% of the known species on
Earth!)
• Common to all environments
• Open circulatory system
• Respiratory system depends on their environment
(gills, book lungs, tracheae and spiracles).
• Sexual reproduction for the most part.
Classes of Arthropods
Class Arachnidia
(Spiders, Scorpions
and Mites)
Class Crustacea
(Lobsters, Crabs,
Shrimp, Barnacles)
Classes of Arthropods
Class Merostoma
(Horseshoe Crabs)
Class Myriapoda
(Millipedes and
Centipedes)
Class Insecta and 2 of its Orders
Order Lepidoptera
(Moths and
Butterflies)
Order Diptera
(Flies, Mosquitoes, Gnats
and Midges)
Phylum Mollusca
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‘thin shelled’
Found in both marine and freshwater environments
Filter feeders
Have a shell or modified shell
Open digestive system
Open circulatory system except for Class Cephalopoda
Use gills/lungs to breathe
Can be small (micromollusks) to extremely large
(Colossal Squid)
Classes of Molluscs
Class Cephalopodia
(Octopus, Squid, Nautilus and
Cuttlefish)
Class Bivalvia
(Clams, Mussels, Oysters and
Scallops)
Classes of Molluscs
Class Gastropoda
(Snails and Slugs)
Phylum Echinodermata
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‘spiny skin’
Marine species
Adults are radially symmetrical.
Mouth and anus may change places in some
developing adults! Open digestive system.
Possess a unique water vascular system that is
used in gas exchange, feeding and locomotion.
External fertilizers in sexually reproduction
Can regenerate
Starfish, Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea
Cucumbers, Feather Stars…
End of the Invertebrates
CHORDATA INCLUDE:
Fish
– Jawless fish
– Cartilagenous fish
– Bony fish
ex. Lamprey
ex. Shark
ex. Tuna
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
• Vertebrates!
– Backbone supports a delicate central nerve cord
and anterior brain
• Internal skeleton
– Can grow bigger than arthropods
– Can move in more complex ways
– Anterior skull contains and protects brain
– Extends past the anus to tail
• Gills (aquatic) or lungs (terrestrial)
• Ventral heart
• Closed circulatory system
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
• 2 pairs of appendages, attached to torso
• Multi-layered skin covering body
• Accessory structures:
– Hair, feathers, glands, claws, horns, hoofs, nails
Phylum Chordata
Agnantha
• Literally means ‘without
jaw’
• Contains species of
jawless fish
• They are very mobile and
ferocious predators
• Examples are the hagfish
and lamprey
Gnathostomata
• Contain jaws
• The majority of the
organisms that we think
about when we say the
term ‘animal’ are from this
subphylum (notes stop
here)
Gnathostomata Classes
Class Condricthyes
(Sharks and Rays)
Class Osteichthyes
(Bony Fish)
Gnathostomata Classes
• Class Amphibia
• Frogs, toads, newts and
salamanders)
• Use gas exchange across
moist skin
• External fertilization
• Class Reptilia
• Crocodiles, Snakes,
Lizards and Turtles)
• Lungs
• Shelled eggs, internal
fertilization
Work
Pg. 121, Q 37-42
Class Aves
• Closely related to crocodiles but…
• Reptiles are ectothermic and have threechambered heart
• Birds are endothermic and have fourchambered heart
• 9000 species of birds, with broad diversity
Class Mammalia
• Mammary glands, hair (insulation, camouglage,
waterproofing, defense)
• Endothermic, four-chambered hearts, highly
developed brains
• Three groups
– Monotremes (lays eggs; duck-billed platypus
– Marsupials (pouched animals, short gestation; koala,
opossums)
– Placental mammals (great diversity; bears primates,
humans
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVneqhu9oZk
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
(Carnivores: cats, dogs,
weasels, seals, etc…)
Order Rodentia (Rodents: rats,
mice, beavers, squirrels, etc…)
Class Mammalia
Order Artiodactyla (Eventoed Ungulates: moose,
hippo, goat, camel,
warthog, giraffes…)
Order Chiroptera (Bats)
Class Mammalia
Order Insectivora (moles,
shrews, hedgehogs, things
that eat insects that don’t
fit in anywhere else!)
Order Marsupialia
(Marsupials: kangaroo,
wallaby, koala)
Class Mammalia
Order Primates (Apes,
Humans, Lemurs and
Monkeys)
Order Cetacea (Whales,
Dolphins, Porpoises)
Class Mammalia
Order Edentata
(armadillos, sloths,
anteaters)
Order Perissodactyla (OddToed Ungulates: Rhino,
Tapir, Zebra, Horses…)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=qR57BNpxDtU
Class Mammalia
Order Proboscidea
(Elephants)
Order Lagomorpha
(rabbits, hares, pikas…)