Transcript Unit 11 Animal Evolution Diagrams

UNIT 11
ANIMAL EVOLUTON
CHAPTER 32:
INTRODUCTION
TO ANIMAL
EVOLUTION
Archenteron
Grade Phylogeny
Molecular Phylogeny
CHAPTER 33:
INVERTEBRATES
PARAZOA
Sessile
Porous Bodies
Phylum Porifera
Filter/ Suspension Feeders (pump water)
Color - symbiotic algae
Regeneration
Hermaphrodites
Phylum Cnidaria
Sac with a central digestive compartment
Sessile polyp and the floating medusa
RADIATA
Tentacles (capture prey)
Stinging capsules
Muscles and nerves (simple)
No brain
Noncentralized nerve net
YouTube - Cnidarian Eating.mov
YouTube - Cnidaria Ability To Move.mov
YouTube - Sponge Feeding.mov
YouTube - Sponge Reproduction.mov
YouTube - Sea Sponges Under The Sea
BILATERIA
YouTube - Planarian Regeneration Part 1.mov
Acoelemates YouTube - Planarian Regeneration Part 2.mov
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Free-living forms
Mesoderm (triploblastic)
True muscle tissue
Some parasites (tapeworm/fluke)
Lack a digestive tract
Flattened dorsoventrally
Head (cephalized)
Lack organs specialized for
Pair of eyespots
gas exchange and circulation
Smell
Osmoregulatory (pharynx opening)
Learn to modify their
Hermaphrodites, copulating
responses to stimuli
BILATERIA
Pseudocoelemates
Jaws
Crowns of cilia
Complete digestive tract
Mouth and anus
Phylum Rotifera
Some Parthenogenesis (all females)
Some degenerate males (sperm donors)
Phylum Mollusca
Snails and slugs (land), oysters, clams, octopuses and squids
PROTOSTOMIA
Most have hard shell made of calcium carbonate
Muscular foot
Gills
Visceral mass
Radula to scrape up food
Mantle
Nerve cords
Open circulatory system
Dorsal heart
Circulatory fluid (hemolymph)
Arteries
Excretory organs
(nephridia)
Most separate
sexes, with
gonads (ovaries
YouTube - Wow! Giant octopus - extreme animals - BBC wildlife
or testes)
YouTube - Cuttlefish: Chameleons of the Sea
PROTOSTOMIA
Coelom
Segmentation
Digestive system with
specialized regions
Closed circulatory system
Blood pumping vessels
Brainlike pair of cerebral
ganglia
Pair of nerve cords
Hermaphrodites, but they
cross-fertilize
Regeneration (asexual)
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
Earthworm, leaches
complex brain
closed circulatory system
PROTOSTOMIA: ECDYSOZOA (molecular)
Phylum Nematoda (round worms)
Pinworm, hookworm
Nonsegmented pseudocoelomates
Tough cuticle covering (exoskeleton)
Molting, or ecdysis
YouTube - Roundworm inside cat's intestine
YouTube - Parasites Eating Us Alive - Part 2
Complete digestive tract
YouTube - Parasite Monsters Inside Me - Part 1
YouTube - Monsters Inside Me: Toddler Under Attack
No circulatory system
YouTube - Monsters Inside Me- Pork Tapeworm
Separate sexes
YouTube - Removing Intestinal Worms and Parasites from a
Internal fertilization
PROTOSTOMIA: ECDYSOZOA (molecular)
Phylum: Arthropoda
Segmented coelomates
Two out of every three organisms known are arthropods
Nearly all habitats
Exoskeletons (cuticle/chiton)
Well-developed sensory organs (sight, smell, touch)
Molting (ecdysis)
Jointed appendages
Cephalization is extensive
modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception,
Open circulatory systems (hemolymph)
copulation, and defense
Heart (arteries and spaces called sinuses)
Specialized gas exchange (gills/ trachea)
Phylum Echinodermata
Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars
Water vascular system and secondary
Radial anatomy
Regeneration
Sessile or slow-moving animals
Endoskeleton
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Metamorphosis from bilateral larvae
DEUTEROSTOMIA
DEUTEROSTOMIA
Phylum Chordata
Two subphyla of invertebrate animals plus the
subphylum Vertebrata, the animals with backbones
Summary the animal phyla we have discussed in this chapter.
Choanocytes (collar cells--unique flagellated cells that ingest bacteria and tiny food
particles); cells tend to be totipotent (retain zygote’s potential to form the whole animal)
Unique stinging structures (cnidae), each housed in a specialized cell (cnidocyte);
gastrovascular cavity (incomplete digestive tract with a mouth but no anus)
Colloblasts (adhesive structures) for prey capture; eight rows of comblike ciliary plates;
gastrovascular cavity
Dorsoventrally flattened, unsegmented acoelomates; gastrovascular cavity or no
disgestive tract
Pseudocoelomates with complete digestive tracts; jaws in pharynx structures (trophi);
head with a cilated crown (corona); no circulatory system
Coelomates with lophophore (feeding structure bearing cilated tentacles)
Unique anterior proboscis surrounded by fluid-filled cavity (rhynchocoel); complete
digestive tract (mouth and anus); circulatory system with closed vessels
Coelomates with three main body parts (muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle); coelom
reduced; main body cavity is a hemocoel
Coelomates with body wall and internal organs (except digestive tract) segmented
Cylindrical, unsegmented pseudocoelomates with tapered ends; no circulatory system
Coelomates with segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton from ectoderm
Coelomates with secondary radial anatomy (larvae bilateral; adults radial); unique water
vascular system; endoskeleton
Coelomates with notochord; dorsal hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; muscular
postanal tail
CHAPTER 34
VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION
AND DIVERSITY
Deuterostomes
Some Invertebrates
1. Notochord (disks)
2. Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
Central nervous system:
the brain and spinal cord
phylum Chordata
3. Pharyngeal Slits
modified for gas exchange (in aquatic
vertebrates), jaw support, hearing, and
other functions
4. Muscular, Postanal Tail
Both are
Invertebrates
Larva
Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates/ Sea Squirt)
Sessile or Planktonic
Tunic (celluloselike carbohydrate)
Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelet)
Small
Swim like fish
Live in the sand
Suspension feeders
Endoskeleton
Axial skeleton (cranium, vertebrae, ribs)
Larger size
Appendicular skeleton (support appendages)
Active lifestyle
Grows
Neural crest (form skeletal elements/braincase)
Pronounced cephalization
Ventral, chambered heart (blood, arteries, capillaries)
Vertebral column
Gills or lungs
Closed circulatory system
*Adaptations for feeding, digestion, and nutrient absorption
Jaws/ 2 sets of paired appendages
Agnathans
4 footed
Jawless vertebrates
shelled, water-retaining egg
eel-like in shape
predate the origin of
paired fins, teeth, and
bones hardened by
mineralization
(ossification)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Cephalaspidomorphi:
Lampreys
Class Myxini: Hagfishes
Most primitive living "vertebrates"
Bottom-dwelling scavengers
Slime producing glands
Cartilage (connective tissue)
Serpentine swimming
Toothlike structures (keratin)
larvae for years in freshwater streams
 migrate to the sea/lakes streams
Cartilaginous pipe surrounding the rodlike notochord
Gnathostomes
Chondrichthyes (the cartilaginous fishes: sharks and rays)
Osteichthyes (the bony fishes: ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, and
lungfishes)
Jaws
Paired fins
Tail
Active predators
Jaws evolved by modification of the skeletal rods
that had previously supported the anterior
pharyngeal (gill) slits
remaining gill slits =
respiratory gas exchange
Class Chondrichthyes: Sharks and rays
Cartilaginous skeletons
Sharp Bony teeth
Streamlined bodies
Powerful swimming muscles
Buoyancy by storing a large amount of oil in its huge liver
Animal is still denser than water, and it sinks if it stops swimming
Use muscles of the jaws and pharynx to pump water over the gills
Suspension feeders and Carnivores
Short digestive tract (spiral valve)
Acute senses (predation)
Sight good (no color)
Smell (nostrils)
Lateral line system (detect water pressure changes
Detect electrical fields generated by muscle contractions of animals
Entire body transmits sound to hearing organs of inner ear (no eardrum)
Internal fertilization (cloaca/ male claspers near pelvic fin)
Oviparous; they lay eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body.
Ovoviviparous; they retain the fertilized eggs in the oviduct.
Viviparous; the young develop within the uterus, nourished by placenta
Class Osteichthyes: The bony fishes
Ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, and the lungfishes
Most numerous vertebrates
Ossified endoskeleton (calcium phosphate)
Flattened, bony scales
Mucous glands
Lateral line system
Four or five pairs of gills
Operculum (muscle movement)
Swim bladder
Flexible fins
Most oviparous
Ray-finned fishes
Bass, trout, perch, tuna, herring, etc.
Fins supported by long flexible rays
Lobe-finned fishes
Coelacanth
Muscular pectoral and pelvic fins
supported by extensions of the bony skeleton
Lungfishes
Lungs connected to the pharynx
of the digestive tract
Gills (main organs for gas exchange)
Aestivate (state of torpor).
Tetrapods
Adaptations to shallow water
Buccal pumping/ mouth breathing (lungfishes and frogs)
Leglike appendages
Acanthostega
Class Amphibia
Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
Moist skin to carry out gas exchange
Eggs lack a shell (dehydrate)
External fertilization (most)
Complex and diverse social behavior
Rapid and alarming population decline (worldwide)
Order Urodela "tailed ones"
Salamanders
Aquatic and Terrestrial (as adults)
Walk with a side-to-side bending
swagger (resembling early tetrapods)
Order Anura "tail-less ones"
Powerful hind legs
Long sticky tongue
Camouflage
Skin glands (distasteful/poison mucus)
Brightly colored (poisonous)
Metamorphosis
Order Apoda, meaning "legless ones,"
Caecilians
Legless and nearly blind
Superficially resemble earthworms
Burrow in damp soil
Amniotes
reptiles, birds, and mammals
Adaptations to land (terrestrial)
Amniotic egg (shell)
Extra embryonic membranes
Waterproof skin
Increasing use of the rib cage to ventilate the lungs
Class: Reptilia (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles)
Scales (protein keratin)
Lungs
Shelled amniotic eggs (land/ leather)
Internal fertilization
Viviparous (some lizards and snakes)
“Cold blooded”
Ectothermic (basking)
Dominant terrestrial vertebrates for
+200 million years
Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs
Social behavior and parental care
Endothermic?
key differences between the three
groups in their skull anatomy
Order Testudines (turtles)
Hard shell
Lay eggs on land
Snakes
Descendants of lizards that adapted
to a burrowing lifestyle (vestigial limbs)
Limbless
Carnivorous
Acute chemical sensors
Lack eardrums but sensitive to ground vibrations
Heat-detecting organs between the eyes and nostrils of pit vipers
Toxin through a pair of sharp hollow or grooved teeth
Tongue (olfactory organs on the roof of the mouth)
Loosely articulated jaws
Order Squamata (lizards and snakes)
Lizards
Most numerous and diverse reptiles
Relatively small
Order Crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles)
Among the largest living reptiles
Upturned nostrils
Order Sphenodontia (tuataras);
Two species of New Zealand animals
Class: Aves (birds)
Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs (reptilian features)
Flight
Bones are honeycombed (light)
Absence of some organs (one ovary)
Toothless
Gizzard grinds food (crocodiles/dinosaurs)
Beak of keratin (adaptations)
Active metabolism
Endothermic
Feathers (retain heat)
Advanced circulatory (4 chambered heart)
Advanced respiratory
Acute senses
Sight (possibly the best)
Motor skills/ coordination
Social behavior
Internal fertilization
Archaeopteryx
Carinates (keels)
Ratites (no keel)
Passeriformes
“perching”
Large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel
on the sternum (breastbone)
Feathers (endothermy and flight)
Class: Mammalia
Mammary glands
Hair (keratin)
Endothermic
Circulatory-4 chambered heart
Respiratory-diaphragm
Fat (retain heat)
Internal fertilization
Birth (some placenta)
Large brains
Cognitive abilities
Extended parental care
Differentiation of dentition (teeth)
Inner ear (from jaw bones)
Monotremes (platypuses spiny anteaters)
Egg laying (reptilian like)
Milk and hair
Eutherians (Placental)
No nipples (just glands)
Longer gestation (pregnancy)
Marsupials (Opossums, kangaroos, koalas)
Early birth
Pouch (marsupium)
Austraila
Therapsids
Primates
Grasping hands
Opposable thumb (big toe)
Larger brain
Flattened face
Stereoscopic vision
Nails
Finger skin ridges (prints)
Extended parental care
Complex social behavior
Coordination
Flexible joints
Hominoids
Great Apes/ Humans
Bonobo chimpanzee
Hominids
Australopithecines
~5 – 2 mya
Homo habilis
~2 – 1.5 mya
Homo erectus
~1.6 mya
Homo sapiens
~400,000 – 100,000 ya
Bipedalism
Larger brain (~400 cm3  1300 cm3)
Shorter jaws
Dentition
Sexual dimorphism (male size to female)
Extended parental care
Family structure
Learning
~5 million years of Evolution
Human