Transcript Heterotrophic Nutrition

Heterotrophic Nutrition
By Abdul Manap Mahmud
1
Introduction
Definitions of heterotrophic on the Web:
• Refers to organisms, such as animals, that depend on preformed
organic molecules from the environment (or another organism) as a
source of nutrients/energy.
www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossH.html
• Requiring organic substrates for growth and development; being
incapable of synthesizing required organic materials from inorganic
sources. (20)
ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/glossary/Defs_H.htm
• obtaining nourishment from organic substances, not from food
produced within the organism.
www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/canwaters-eauxcan/bbb-lgb/librarybibliotheque/glossary-glossaire/index_e.asp
2
Introduction
•
unable to derive energy from photosynthesis or from inorganic chemical
reactions, and so dependent on energy-containing organic compounds
derived from the current or prior existence of other organisms, cf.
AUTOTROPHIC.
www.mycolog.com/GLOSSARY.htm
•
Describing consumers, organisms that cannot synthesize food from
inorganic materials and therefore must use the bodies of other organisms
as a source of energy and body-building materials.*
biology.usgs.gov/s+t/noframe/z999.htm
•
An organism incapable of producing organic compound from inorganic
materials and thus must rely on other living or dead organisms for its food
supply.www.botanyvt.com/pages/dictionary.shtml
•
requiring ready formed organic food.
gmbis.marinebiodiversity.ca/BayOfFundy/glossE-H.html
3
Source of Carbon
4
Source of Carbon
5
Source of Carbon
• The concentration of
carbon in living matter
(18%) is almost 100 times
greater than its
concentration in the earth
(0.19%).
• So living things extract
carbon from their
nonliving environment.
For life to continue, this
carbon must be recycled.
6
Source of Carbon
Carbon exists in the nonliving
environment as:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
atmosphere and dissolved in
water (forming HCO3−)
• Carbonate rocks (limestone
and coral = CaCO3)
• Deposits of coal, petroleum,
and natural gas derived from
once-living things
• Dead organic matter, e.g.,
humus in the soil
7
Source of Carbon
Carbon enters the biotic world
through the action of
autotrophs:
• primarily photoautotrophs,
like plants and algae, that use
the energy of light to convert
carbon dioxide to organic
matter.
• and to a small extent,
chemoautotrophs — bacteria
and archaeans that do the
same but use the energy
derived from an oxidation of
molecules in their substrate.
8
Source of Carbon
Carbon returns to the
atmosphere and
water by
• Respiration (as CO2)
• Burning
• Decay (producing
CO2 if oxygen is
present, methane
(CH4) if it is not.
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Source of Carbon
Source of Carbon
Source of Carbon
Definitions of
Chemoheterotroph
on the Web:
• A chemoheterotroph is
an organism that must
consume organic
molecules for both
energy and carbon.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Chemoheterotroph
Omnivores
Omnivores
Definitions of Omnivores on the Web:
•
Animals that feed on material of both plant and animal origin
www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/glossary.htm
•
Animals that eat many different kinds of foods, including plants, insects, and other animals.
www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm
•
Eats live prey and plants
boxturtlesite.org/glos.html
•
The category of animals that feed on both plants and animals. (omni-, all; -vore, eater)
www.dfr.state.nc.us/stewardship/wwwildlife/www13.htm
•
such as bears and humans, eat both meat and plants.
www.teachervision.fen.com/page/5485.html
•
Omnivores are organisms that consume both plants and animals.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivores
Omnivores
• Omnivores eat plants, but
not all kinds of plants.
• Omnivores can't digest
some of the substances
in grains or other plants
that do not produce fruit.
• They can eat fruits and
vegetables, though.
Some of the insect
omnivores in this
simulation are pollinators,
which are very important
to the life cycle of some
kinds of plants.
Large Omnivores
Omnivores
Omnivores
• Some animals don’t
fit neatly into a
single category
because they have
wider tastes. These
animals, that feed
on a combination of
plants and animals,
are called
Omnivores.
Carnivores
Carnivores
Definitions of carnivores on the Web:
• Term applied to a heterotroph, usually
an animal, that eats other animals.
Carnivores function as secondary,
tertiary, or top consumers in food
chains and food webs.
www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee
/BIOBK/BioBookglossC.html
•
Animals that feed on other animals or
material of animal origin.
www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/glossary.htm
•
Organisms that mainly prey upon
animals.
highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0070294267/student_view
0/glossary_a-d.html
Carnivores
•
Animals and a few plants that consume
dead or living animal food.
museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nhns2/g
lossary.htm
•
carnivores feed strictly on meat
www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow6/feb99/terms
1.html
•
The category of animals that prey or
feed upon animals and insects. (carni-,
flesh; vore-, eater)
www.dfr.state.nc.us/stewardship/wwwil
dlife/www13.htm
•
Meat eaters
www.promotega.org/uga30006/Vocabul
ary.htm
Carnivores
•
are flesh-eating animals, like lions.
www.teachervision.fen.com/page/5485.
html
•
These are animals and mammals that
eat other animals and mammals, also
called ‘flesh-eaters’; see ‘food chain’
www.recycle4schools.org.uk/ecodict_c.
htm
•
Animals that have meat as the main
part of their diet.
www.tictoc.co.uk/Phase3/Resource/glo
ssary.html
•
Carnivores are animals that eat a diet
consisting mostly of meat.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivores
Symbiosis
Symbiosis
Definitions of symbiosis on the Web:
•
A mutually beneficial association of two different kinds of organisms.
www.planthealthcare.com/terms.html
•
To live together; a condition in which two animals, two plants, or a plant and
an animal live in partnership. The relationship can be that of commensalism,
where one organism benefits from activities of the other; parasitism, where
one organism lives on another to the detriment of its host; or mutualism,
where both organisms benefit from the association.
www.fish.washington.edu/naturemapping/mollusks/glossary.html
•
the living together of unlike organisms in a close, long-lasting association.
www.anbg.gov.au/glossary/webpubl/lichglos.htm
Symbiosis
• The intimate living together of two dissimilar organisms
in a mutually beneficial relationship.
www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_glossary_term.php
• An interactive association between two or more species
living together; may be parasitic, commensal, or
mutualistic. The relationship between two organisms.
www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBook
glossS.html
• An ecological relationship between organisms of two
different species that live together in direct contact.
nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Primates/glossary.cfm
Symbiosis
• A mutually beneficial relationship between two
organisms.
www.powen.freeserve.co.uk/Reference/Glossary
/gloss-s.htm
• A close, prolonged association between two or
more different organisms of different species
that may, but does not necessarily, benefit each
member.
www.freakinfucus.co.uk/primers/prm_gloss.htm
Symbiosis
Most of the interactions
between species
involve food:
• competing for the
same food supply
• eating (predation)
• avoiding being eaten
(avoiding predation)
Symbiosis
In symbiosis, at least
one member of the
pair benefits from the
relationship. The other
member may be
• injured = parasitism
• relatively unaffected
( = commensalism)
• may also benefit
( = mutualism).
Symbiosis
Mutualism
• Symbiotic
relationships in which
each species
benefits are
mutualistic. There are
hundreds of examples
of mutualism between
a heterotroph and an
alga.
Symbiosis
• Paramecium bursaria is a
ciliate that engulfs unicellular
green algae into vacuoles
within its cell.
– The paramecium certainly
benefits from the food
synthesized by the alga. It can
be cultured apart from the alga
but then must be given extra
food.
– The alga presumably benefits
from the carbon dioxide
produced by its host as well as
the host's ability to transport it
to a spot where there is ample
light.
Symbiosis
• Many other aquatic
heterotrophs
– sponges
– sea anemones
– planarians
– clams
• also harbor algae
within their cells.
Symbiosis
• liberating toxins, for
example,
– Tetanus bacilli secrete
tetanus toxin which
interferes with synaptic
transmission.
– Diphtheria bacilli secrete a
toxin that inhibits protein
synthesis by ribosomes.
• The relationship between
parasite and host varies
along a spectrum that
extends from
Symbiosis
• Mutualistic relations
between plants and
fungi are very
common. The fungus
invades and lives in or
among the cortex cells
of the secondary
roots. The association
is called a
mycorrhiza.
Symbiosis
• The fungus helps the
host plant absorb
inorganic nitrogen and
phosphorus from the
soil. Some mycorrhizal
fungi also secrete
antibiotics which may
help protect their host
from invasion by
parasitic fungi and
bacteria.
Symbiosis
• Many mushrooms are
the spore-forming
bodies of mycorrhizal
fungi. The truffle
[View] is often found in
oak forests because
the fungus that
produces it
establishes
mycorrhiza on oak
roots.
Symbiosis
Parasitism
• A parasite is an
organism that
• lives on or in the body
of another organism
(the host)
• from whose tissues it
gets its nourishment,
and
• to whom it does some
damage
Symbiosis
• "hit and run" parasites that live
in their host for a brief period
and then move on to another
with or without killing the first
to
• parasites that establish chronic
infections. Both parasite and
host must evolve to ensure the
survival of both because if the
parasite kills its host before it
can move on, it destroys its
own meal ticket.
• Link to further discussion.
Symbiosis
• Animals are parasitized by
viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoans, flatworms
(tapeworms and flukes),
nematodes, insects (fleas, lice),
and arachnids (mites).
• Plants are parasitized by
viruses, bacteria, fungi,
nematodes, and a few other
plants.
• Parasites damage their host in
two major ways:
• consuming its tissues, e.g.,
hookworms
Symbiosis
Commensalism
•
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is not affected.
www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossC.html
•
Commensalism is a situation in which two organisms are associated in a relationship
in which one benefits from the relationship and the other is not affected much. The
two animals are called commensals. An example pf commensalism is vermiliads
(plants living on trees in rainforests) and frogs; the frogs get shelter and water from
the vermiliad but the vermiliad is unaffected. Commensalism is a type of symbiosis.
COMPANION CELL A companion cell is a type of cell that pumps nutrients (sugars)
into phloem cells.
www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/glossary/indexc.shtml
•
When two organisms coexist, one organism benefits, the other is not affected.
www.alken-murray.com/glossarybug.html
Symbiosis
•
A symbiotic relationship in which one member is benefited and the second
is neither harmed nor benefited.
highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070294267/student_view0/glossary_ad.html
•
A form of symbiosis in which only one of the animals benefits from the
relationship.
www.reefed.edu.au/glossary/c.html
•
One organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefits.
Example: Moss growing on trees benefits by being raised above the forest
floor competition, while the tree doesn't get anything out of the deal either
way.
www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm
•
The interaction of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is
advantageous to one without
Symbiosis
Definitions of Amensalism on the Web:
• An inter-organism interaction in which one organism negatively
impacts another organism without receiving any direct benefit itself.
www.sustainableag.net/glossary_a-d.htm
• A type of symbiotic relationship in which one of the partners in the
interaction is inhibited and the other is unaffected.
www.pestmanagement.co.uk/lib/glossary/glossary_a.shtml
• Amensalism is an interaction between two species where one
impedes or restricts the success of the other while not being
affected, positively or negatively, by the presence of the other.
Usually this occurs when one organism exudes as part of its normal
metabolism a chemical compound detrimental to another organism.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amensalism
Feeding Mechanism
Feeding Mechanism
Definitions of Filter feeding on the Web:
•
Straining food particles from water that is pumped through or over a gill surface.
www.seagrant.wisc.edu/outreach/nis/Attack_Pack/Fact%20Sheets/terms.htm
•
feeding by taking sea water into the mouth then forcing it out through the matted,
sieve-like bristles of the baleen plates. Food suspended in the water, such as small
schooling fish and plankton, is trapped inside the mouth cavity as the water exists.
gmbis.marinebiodiversity.ca/BayOfFundy/glossE-H.html
•
filtering suspended food particles from water current by means of the gill rakers
www.deh.gov.au/coasts/species/marine-fish/glossary.html
•
Obtaining food by passing water through a filtering mechanism.
www.50ftdredge.com/EIS/EIS_19.1.html
•
Filter feeders (also known as suspension feeders) are animals that feed by straining
suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a
specialized structure, such as the baleen of baleen whales.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeding
Feeding Mechanism
How a filter feeder obtains
food:
• Stream of water carries
particles/food
• In through siphon
• Mucus on gills traps particles
• Cilia transport particles/water
current (along food groove)
towards mouth
• Enzymes in intestine
breakdown food
• Carbohydrates absorbed as
monomers
The Antarctic krill manages to
directly utilize the minute
phytoplankton cells
Feeding Mechanism
How a filter feeder
creates a feeding
current:
• Cilia
• Beating/ moving
rhythmically
Feeding Mechanism
Extra-cellular digestion:
• Body consists of thin threads
(hyphae)
• Hyphae secrete enzymes that
diffuse through wall onto food
• Enzymes hydrolyse materials in
food to monomers
• Monomers then absorbed into
hyphae by F.D. and A.T.
• In fungi (e.g. saprophytic fungi),
cilia not involved in moving food
Feeding with Tentacles
• When feeding, these
animals project
tentacled structures
out of the tube to
catch food particles in
the flowing water. By
using cilia on their
tentacles, these
worms select particles
based on size.
Detritus feeding
• detritus, consists of
bacteria and the
remains of finely
chopped up algae and
decaying fragments of
animals, as well as
countless numbers of
stranded microscopic,
one-celled green
plants which are
called diatoms.
Biting & Chewing Mouthpart
• Biting and chewing
food is a multisensory
task that requires a
high level of
coordination of all
parts of the mouth.
Biting & Chewing Mouthpart
•
•
•
•
chewing mouthparts have toothed
jaws that bite and tear the food
(beetles, cockroaches, ants,
caterpillars, and grasshoppers).
piercing-sucking mouthparts are
usually long slender tubes that are
forced into plant or animal tissue
to suck out fluids or blood.
(mosquitoes, aphids).
sponging mouthparts are tonguelike structures that have spongy
tips to suck up liquids or food that
can be made liquid by the insect's
vomit (house flies, blow flies).
siphoning mouthparts are long
tubes used for sucking nectar
(butterflies, moths).
Fluid feeding
• An external type of
digestion is sucking or
fluid feeding. A wide
variety of animals and
insects are adapted to
take in liquid food, either
from plants or animal
juices. All spiders use
sucking as their digestive
means. They inject
digestive enzymes into
the prey and allow the
exoskeleton to contain the
juice as internal body
parts are liquified.
Herbivorous
Definitions of Herbivorous on the Web:
•
plant-eating.
www.mountedsquadhorses.com/glossary.htm
l
•
describes an organism that eats plant matter
www.bigelow.org/edhab/glossary.html
•
Feeding primarily on vegetation.
www.uvm.edu/~jdecher/GoT.html
•
[her-BIV-or-us] feeding on plants (see also
phytophagous and carnivorous).
members.aol.com/YESedu/glossary.html
•
Feeding on plants. For example, animals
such as moose and snowshoe hares are
herbivorous.
www.hubbardbrook.org/education/Glossary/G
lossary.htm
Herbivorous Strategies
•
Cranial fermentors or ruminants
have a large, multicompartmented
section of the digestive tract between
the esophagus and true stomach.
These forestomachs house a very
complex ecosystem that supports
fermentation. Examples of ruminants
are cattle, sheep and deer.
•
Caudal fermentors, also known as
cecal digestors, are similar to dogs
and humans through the stomach and
small intestine, but their large intestine,
where fermentation occurs, is complex
and exceptionally large. Examples of
cecal digestors include horses and
rabbits.
Herbivorous
• Ruminants can utilize dietary
starch, but very little of it is
absorbed as glucose.
• Rather, starch and other
soluble carbohydrates are
fermented to volatile fatty acids
in the forestomachs.
• In contrast, starch fed to a
horse is digested to glucose by
amylase and maltase in the
small intestine, and that
glucose is absorbed across the
epithelium into blood.
Herbivorous
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