Transcript Invertebrates - Mounds Park Academy

Invertebrates
A Survey of the various phyla
Cambrian Explosion
• Rapid appearance 530 million
years ago years ago of most
major phyla.
•Before about 580 million years
ago, most organisms were simple,
composed of individual cells or
small colonies of cells.
• Over 70 or 80 million years the
rate of evolution accelerated and
the diversity of life began to
resemble today’s.
•Charles Darwin saw it as one of
the main objections that could be
made against his theory of
evolution by natural selection.
•What caused such a rapid
increase in the number of
species?
Strange Cambrian creatures !
Opabinia – an extinct arthropod from the middle Cambrian period
Microdictyon fossil and presumed form when alive
One of the precursors to the Arthropoda (also Onychophora and
Tardigrada, is the lobodopian Diania cactiformis (walking cactus)
A possible restoration of Diania Cactiformis
Phylum Porifera
• Examples are the
Sponges.
• Phyla name literally
means “pore bearing”
• Asymmetrical symmetry
• Sessile
• No circulatory system
• Heterotrophs,
multicellular, lack cell
walls, contain few
specialized cells.
Porifera body structures
Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid
Example Sponge
Choanocytes
• Flagellated Structure
• Function in moving
water in so the
microvilli can filter out
food materials from the
water.
• Absorbed food is passed
on to the amoebocytes
which carry the food to
the other cells.
• Become sexual cells
during times of
reproduction.
A large barrel sponge!
Glass Sponge example
Lavender sponges
Touch me not sponges
Sponge Asexual
Reproduction
•Sponges have 3
asexual methods of
reproduction:
fragmentation, budding
and producing
gemmules.
• Fragments of sponges
can settle and
reorganize as a
functional sponge.
• Gemmules are survival
pods of cells that can
survive harsh conditions.
• A very few species
reproduce by budding.
•This picture shows
some gemmules of the
Sponge Sexual
reproduction
•Most sponges are
hermaphrodites
• Sperm are produced by
choanocytes.
• Eggs are formed by
transformation of
amebocytes,
•During spawning, sperm
burst out of their cysts and
are expelled via the
osculum.
•If they contact another
sponge of the same
species, the water flow
carries them to
choanocytes that engulf
them.
• The sperm are carried to
the eggs and fertilization
occurs within the sponge.
•A few species release
Larval Sponges
•There are four types of
larvae, but all are balls of
cells with an outer layer
of cells whose flagellae
or cilia enable the larvae
to move.
• After swimming for a
few days the larvae sink
and crawl until they find
a place to settle.
• Most of the cells
transform into
archeocytes and then
into the types
appropriate for their
locations in a miniature
adult sponge.
Freshwater Sponges
• Freshwater Sponges
are useful for
monitoring pollution
• In addition they
produce an antibiotic
that may have
important biomedical
and ecological
functions.
Freshwater Sponge
A colony of sponges growing on branches submerged in a
Wisconsin Lake.
• Phylum contains over 9,000
species found in mostly
marine environments.
• Their bodies consist of
mesoglea, a jelly-like
substance, sandwiched
between two layers of
epithelium.
• They have two basic body
forms: swimming medusae
and sessile polyps.
• Both forms are radially
symmetrical with mouths
surrounded by tentacles that
bear cnidocytes.
• Both forms have a single
opening and body cavity that
are used for digestion and
respiration.
Cnidarians
• These cells function as
harpoons, the barb remains
connected to their body by
threads.
• 3 types of cnidocytes are
known.
• Nematocysts inject venom
into prey, and usually have
barbs to keep them
embedded in the victims.
• Spirocysts entangle prey
by means of small sticky
hairs on the thread. Only
members of the class
Anthozoa (sea anemones
and corals) have
spirocysts.
• Ptychocysts threads are
used for building protective
tubes in which their owners
live.
Cnidocysts
Form and Function
• Symmetry is Radial
• There are two basic forms:
polyp and medusa.
• Polyps are mostly sessile,
medusa’s are free
swimming.
• Two cell layer with a
gelatinous mesoglea.
• Gastroderm helps in
digestion.
• Prey is caught, placed in
gastrovascular cavity and
digested.
• There is no respiratory,
circulatory or excretory
systems.
• The skeleton is hydrostaticwater pressure maintains
• A Nerve net consist is a
series of connected neurons
lacking a brain
• This nervous system allows
cnidarians to respond to
physical contact.
• They may then detect food
and other chemicals.
• Although the nerve net
allows the animal to respond
to its environment, it has
trouble telling the animal the
direction of the stimulus.
• Simple animals with nerve
nets, such as hydra, typically
respond in the same way to
contact with an object,
regardless of where the
contact occurs
Nerve Net
• Sexual reproduction involves
a complex life cycle with
both polyp and medusa
stages.
• In Scyphozoa (jellyfish) and
Cubozoa (box jellies) a larva
swims until it finds a good
site, and then becomes a
polyp.
• This grows normally but then
absorbs its tentacles and
splits horizontally into a
series of disks that become
juvenile medusae, a process
called strobilation.
• The juveniles swim off and
slowly grow to maturity.
• The adults have gonads in
the gastroderm, and these
release ova and sperm into
the water in the breeding
Reproduction
Class Anthozoa
• This class of
Cnidarians includes
the sea anemones, sea
pens and corals.
• The corals are the base
for the tremendous
diversity amount of
life on the coral reef.
There are two types of Coral, Soft and Hard.
This is a picture of a type of soft coral. It lacks the hard
calcium carbonate outer covering.
Different types of Coral
Coral Polyp Anatomy
Many species of coral have symbiotic relationship with algae.
The algae is incorporated within the polyps bodies.
The algae get protection and the coral get some food.
Cnidarians importance
• Coral Reefs provide
food and shelter for
thousands of species.
• The diversity of the
Coral reef is second only
to the rain forest.
• The Great Barrier Reef
off the coast of Australia
is the largest structure
made by animals and
can be viewed from
space.
A Part of the Great Barrier Reef from Space
The Great Maya Reef
This reef is the 2nd longest barrier reef in the world.
It lies of the the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula
Coral Reef areas of the World
Class Scyphozoa
• Jellyfish can reproduce
sexually. The fertilized
egg becomes a free
swimming larva (planula)
that plants on the ocean
floor and forms a polyp.
Stacks of medusa’s
develop on this polyp and
break off to become free
swimming jellyfish
Jellyfish Anatomy.
They lack a brain but can detect light.
The digestive system is incomplete.
Jellyfish tank at Monterey Bay Aquarium
Box Jellyfish
• Very poisonous jellyfish
found in the South Pacific.
• Symptoms include
stinging, redness, burning,
swelling of lymph nodes
and in severe cases may
result in difficulty in
breathing and cardiac
arrest.
Two Box Jellyfish
safely held by their bells.
Sting scars from Box
Jellyfish.
Class Hydrozoa
• Reproduce asexually by
budding.
• At low temperatures
reproduce sexually. Eggs
and Sperm produced from
swellings on each animal.
• Fertilized egg grows into a
hardened cyst and can
survive the winter.
• They can move in a
cartwheel like fashion to
reattach at some other
place.
Hydra Anatomy
Three layer body plan.
Simple diffusion transports
food, oxygen and wastes.
Coordination is
accomplished via a nerve
net.
Hydra Nerve net
A net like system of
connected nerve cells.
This allows for coordinated
movements.
This nerve net can repair
itself.
There is no central area
where nerve impulses
travel to be interpreted.
Freshwater Jellyfish
(these are about 9 mm in dia.)
Freshwater Jellyfish caught in Minnesota (Loon Lake)
Pourtugese Man of War
Portuguese Man of War.
Platyhelminthes – The
Flatworms
• This phyla includes
tapeworms, flukes and
planaria
• These creatures have
bilateral symmetry.
• They have a definite head
where sense organs and a
“brain” are located.
• They have one body
opening.
• Flame cells function as
primitive kidneys.
• Being thin and flat allows
for oxygen to easily diffuse
to the cells within.
Planaria Anatomy.
Note the presence of a nerve cord.
Planaria
•Note the Nervous system
with a definite swelling at
the anterior end of the
animal.
•Reaction to stimulus will
show direction.
•Respiration is through the
skin – no system!
•No cirulatory system.
•One body opening.
•Note the presence of an
excretory system.
•Planarians are
hermaphroditic.
Planaria body cross section
Planaria regeneration
Various regeneration experimental results
Class Trematoda
• Blood flukes and liver flukes
are flatworm parasites of
other animals including
human.
• Blood flukes are the 2nd
most important tropical
disease after malaria.
(Schistosomiasis)
• Parasitic organisms usually
have a very simple digestive
system since the food is
coming to them predigested.
• Parasitic organisms often
have a complex life cycle
with at least one
intermediate host for the
young.
Blood Fluke life cycle
Blood Fluke taken from circulatory system
Class Cestoda
• Commonly called
tapeworms.
• Composed of a head
(scolex) and many body
sections (proglottids).
• At least two hosts for life
cycle.
• Human tapeworm
involves infected cow
muscles.
• This phyla is called
the round worms and
includes trichina,
hookworms, heart
worms and
nematodes.
• Bilateral symmetry
• 2 body openings (a
mouth and an anus)
• Hydrostatic skeleton
system
• A pseudocoelom or a
body cavity
incompletely lined
with mesoderm is
present.
Nematodes
Nematodes cont.
• Have a digestive system with
a mouth and an anus.
• Respiration, circulation and
excretion is through the skin.
• 4 nerves run the length of
the body with an anterior ring
that serves as a brain.
• Bilateral symmetry of the
body.
• They reproduce sexually
with male and female
worms.
• C. elegens, a free living
nematode is important in
research because it is
transparent, easy to breed
and easy to use in genetic
research.
Trichina
• This photo shows
trichina worms which
have formed cysts in
muscle tissue
• A human eating
undercooked meat
with these cysts would
most likely catch this
disease.
• Filarial worms and their
larvae are parasitic
thread-like round
nematodes that cause a
group of tropical infectious
diseases called Filariasis.
• The larvae are transmitted
to humans through a
mosquito bite.
• Filariasis is characterized
by fever, chills, headache,
and skin lesions in the
early stages.
• If untreated, one type can
progress to include gross
enlargement of the limbs
and genitalia in a
condition called
elephantiasis.
Filarial Worms
A person suffering from elephantiasis.
Dracunculus medinensis
• Another filarial disease is caused
by the Guinea worm.
• It infects people through the
crustacean cyclops.
• Larvae from the cyclops, a
freshwater crustacean, are
released when this creature is
unknowingly swallowed while
drinking water.
• Larvae develop in the intestinal
wall and when mature (up to 120
cm long) the female moves under
the skin to the persons leg.
• A blister develops here as the
female releases her eggs.
• One of the most effective
treatments is to curl the worm
slowly up on a stick.
Ascaris
• Common parasite of
humans. Enters the
mouth via
contaminated food,
water or hands.
• Live in the small
intestine.
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This is a parasitic nematode
that lives in the small intestine
of its host, which may be a
mammal such as a dog, cat, or
human.
It thrives in warm earth where
temperatures are over 18°C.
They exist primarily in sandy
or loamy soil and cannot live in
clay or muck.
Rainfall averages must be
more than 1000 mm (40
inches) a year.
Infection of the host is by the
larvae, not the eggs.
the usual method of infection
is through the skin; this is
commonly caused by walking
barefoot through areas
contaminated with fecal matter
Hookworm
Hookworm cont.
• The larvae are able to
penetrate the skin of
the foot.
• Once inside the body,
they migrate through
the vascular system
to the lungs.
• From there they move
up the trachea, and
are swallowed.
• They then pass down
the esophagus and
enter the digestive
system, finishing their
journey in the
intestine, where the
larvae mature into
adult worms.[
A world wide problem
• The most significant risk
of hookworm infection is
anemia.
• The worms suck blood
voraciously and damage
the mucosa.
• However, the blood loss in
the stools is not visibly
apparent.
• Hookworm is a leading
cause of maternal and
child morbidity in the
developing countries of
the tropics and subtropics.
• It is estimated that
between 576-740 million
individuals are infected
with hookworm today.
Annelids (latin – “little ring”)
• Since their larva are very
similar to clams and snails
annelids are probably more
closer related to mollusks.
• Annelids are worms with
segmented bodies.
• They have a true coelom
that is lined with tissue
derived from mesoderm.
• They have a tube –within–atube digestive tract.
• Three classes:
• Oligochaetes – earthwoms
• Leeches
• Polychaetes – marine
annelids
Form and Function
Feeding and Digestion
• The range from filter
feeders to predators.
• In earthworms the
pharynx pumps food and
soil into a tube called the
esophagus.
• The food then moves
through the crop, where it
can be stored.
• Next the gizzard grinds
the food into smaller
pieces.
• The food is absorbed in
the intestine.
• Wastes pass out the
anus.
Form and Function
Circulation
• Closed circulatory
system; Blood is within
vessels.
• Two main vessels –
dorsal moves blood to
the head, ventral moves
blood to the tail.
• Dorsal blood vessel
functions like a heart.
• Oxygen is absorbed
through the skin.
• Aquatic annelids have
gills.
• Like other animals
annelids produce 2
kinds of waste.
• Digestive wastes pass
out the anus.
• Cellular waste is
eliminated by
nephridia.
• Nephridia filter the the
fluid in the coelom
Form and Function
Excretion
• Annelids have a well
developed nervous
system with a brain
and several nerve
cords.
• Sense organs are
best developed in
free-living marine
annelids.
• Many of the marine
worms have sensory
tentacles, chemical
receptors, statocysts
or eyes.
Form and Function
Nervous system
• Annelids have two major
groups of muscles.
• Longitudinal muscles –run
the length of the animal and
can make it shorter and
fatter.
• Circular muscles wrap
around each segment and
make the worm thinner and
longer.
• The alternating use of these
muscles allows the
earthworm, with the help of
the setae, to move through
the soil.
Form and Function
Movement
• Most annelids reproduce
sexually.
• Some use external
fertilization and have
separate sexes.
• Others are
hermaphrodites.
• Earthworms are
hermaphrodites.
• When eggs are ready for
fertilization a clitellum
secrtetes a mucus ring
into which the eggs and
sperm are released.
• Fertilization takes place
within this ring.
Form and function
Reproduction
Giatn gippsland earthworm of Australia
Class Hirudinea
• Leeches are annelids
that are ectoparasites
of other animals.
• They have been used
for hundreds of years
in medicine to allow a
wound to not
coagulate too quickly.
Terrestrial Leeches
This species feeds on earthworms.
Land Leeches
Live in jungle areas of Asia and Australia
Will attach themselves to people as they walk through the jungle.
Class polychaeta
• Largest and oldest
class of annelids.
• Include fan (C) and
feather (B) worms and
the birstle worm (A)
seen in this slide.
• Touching the bristle
worm causes the
bristles to break off
creating painful
wounds.
• Aerate and mix the soil to
a depth of 2 m or more.
• Tunnels provide
passageways for roots and
water.
• Allow the growth of
beneficial oxygen requiring
bacteria.
• They pull plant material
down into the soil which
helps it decompose.
• They bring minerals up
from below and their
castings are rich in
nitrogen.
• The are an important part
of the diet of many
animals.
Ecology of Annelids
• Soft body, often with
an internal or external
shell.
• Gastropods,
Cephalapods and
Pelecypods (Bivalves)
• Octopus probably has
largest and most
complex brain of any
invertebrate.
• Giant Squid
(Architeuthis dux, 1878
- 55 ft.long - 4,400 lbs.
• Colossal Squid
(Mesonychoteuthis
hamiltoni larger but not
longer and more rare.
Mollusks
• Largest marine
phylum
• All have a mantle
with a cavity used for
breathing and
excretion.
• The mantle in many
mollusks secretes
the shell. (CaCO3)
• All have at least two
pairs of nerve cords.
• Most have a
muscular foot.
• All mollusks have
the same
trochophore larva
Mollusks
Form and Function
Zebra Mussels
• Originally native to
Russia
• Introduced to the US in
ballast water in large
cargo ships.
• With no native predators
has caused lots of
problems by literally
covering all hard
structures.
• Poses a threat to native
mussels, intake pipes,
boats and any other hard
structure in the water.
• No known way to control
the population.
• Foot – muscular organ. In
snails secretes mucus to
aid movement. In clams is
adapted for burrowing. In
cephalopods it is used for
jet propulsion and is the
origin of the tentacles.
• Mantle – dorsal part of the
body wall. Secretes shell
and forms the mantle
cavity.
• Shell – secreted from
mantle, composed of chitin
hardened with CaCO3
• Visceral mass – area
below the mantle that
contains the digestive,
nervous and excretory
organs
Body Plan
Feeding
• Clams – Filter feeders
with incurrent and
excurrent siphons.
• Snails- have a
chitinous radula that
is used to rasp bits of
algae off of hard
surfaces.
• Cephalopods – have
a chitinous parrot like
beak used to tear into
prey.
Respiration, Circulation, Nervous, Movement
• Respiration is through
gills except for terrestrial
mollusks.
• Circulation –
cephalopods closed,
gastropods and bivalves
open system.
• Nervous – ganglion/brain
with a ventral nerve cord
• Movement – snails and
clams via the foot,
cephalopods incurrent
and excurrent siphon.
Reproduction
• Gastropods –
hemaphroditic, but
exchange sex cells
• Bivalves – mostly
separate sexes
• Cephalopods –
separate sexes
• All except
cephalopods have a
trocophore larval
stage.
Gastropods
Flamingo tongue snail
Sea Slug
Bivalves
Scallop
Giant Clam
Cephalopods
Northern Giant Octopus
Humboldt Squid
The Giant Squid Architeuthis dux
• This is a picture of an
adult female Giant
Squid that washed
ashore on the coast of
Tasmania in July
2002.
• She weighed 550 lbs.
And total tentacle
length was estimated
at 50 feet
Colossal Squid
Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni
• Very rare. This picture
is of a subadult
accidentally caught on
a long line in antarctic
waters
• Suckers on tentacles
are enhanced by
strong hooks.
• Suspected to grow to
50 feet or more.
Colossal Squid
• This picture is of the
animals beak which is
exceptionally large
and strong.
• 6 specimens are
known excluding this
one, with five coming
from sperm whale
stomachs.
Colossal Squid tentacles
• Another look at the
hooked tentacles of the
Colossal Squid.
Hypothetical sizes
(note Sperm Whale should be increased
to 25 meters)
Mollusks (Squid, octopi, and nautaloids)
• North Pacific Octopus
is the largest.
• 23 ft radial spread and
118 lbs.
Cephalopods have
separate sexes
Mollusks - Gastropods
• Literally means stomach
footed. This class includes
snails, conchs and slugs.
• This picture shows a
conch which is a species
of marine snail. They are
such a popular food that in
many areas they have to
be protected.
Mollusks Bivalves
• This class includes
animals with two
shells. (Clams,
mussels,
scallops,etc.)
• The Giant Clam
can weigh over
500 lbs. And be
more than 3.5 feet
long.
• It is grown as a
food crop in the
South Pacific.
Ecology of Mollusks
• Clams, as filter feeders, help
to clean up the water.
• Others assist in eating and
disposing of detritus.
• Many species are important
sources of food for people.
• Are hosts to parasites or are
parasites themselves.
• Examples include crabs,
shrimp, spiders, scorpions,
butterflies and daphnia!
• 750,000 species.
• More than 3X the number of
all the others combined!
• Like annelids, arthropods are
composed of body
segments.
• Evolution of arthropods has
led to fewer body segments
and specialized appendages
for feeding, movement and
defense.
• Cambrian arthropods include
trilobites.
Arthropods – “jointed feet”
Form and Function
Feeding and Feeding
• Mouthparts have
evolved to enable
different species to
eat almost any food
imaginable.
• Include pincers,
fangs, sickle
shaped jaw and
proboscis of
various shapes.
• The army ant,
pictured here, uses
its jaws for
defense!
Form and Function
Respiration and Circulation
• Terrestrial species
breathe through a net
work of branching
tracheal tubes.
• Aquatic species use gills.
• Spiders use book lungs
to breathe.
• They have an open
circulatory system.
• A well developed heart
pumps blood through
arteries that branch and
enter tissues.
• The blood recollects in a
large sinus near the
heart.
Spider anatomy – book lungs
Crayfish gills
Form and Function
Excretion
• Terrestrial
arthropods use
malpighian tubules
to filter nitrogenous
wastes from the
blood.
• In aquatic species
diffusion moves
these wastes from
the body to the
water.
Form and Function
Response/Nervous
• Well developed
nervous system with a
brain and a ventral
nerve cord.
• Along the nerve cord
are several ganglia
which help to
coordinate the
movements of
individual legs and
wings.
• Most have
sophisticated sense
organs such as
compound eyes.
Form and Function
movement / exoskeletons,
chitin
• Arthropods have well
developed muscle
tissue that pull across
the joints of the
exoskeleton.
• The muscles are
grouped in opposing
pairs so one group can
undo (flex) what the
other group does
extend)!
• The exoskeleton is
made up of the
polysaacharide chitin.
Reproduction
• Terrestrial species
have internal
fertilization.
• The male either
deposits the sperm
in the females body
or leaves it in a
packet to be picked
up by her.
• Aquatic species
have internal and
external
fertilization.
Growth and Development
• Exoskeletons do not
grow.
• As the arthropod
grows it will molt
(shed its skin) and
manufactures a larger
one to take its place.
• Molting is controlled
by the endocrine
system which uses
hormones.
• Skin glands digest the
old exoskeleton.
• The new one can take
several hours to
develop and harden.
Complete
metamorphosis
• Process of growth
and development
where the larval
form looks nothing
like the adult.
• Usually there is a
resting state in a
pupa, chrysalis or
cocoon.
• Bees, moths,
butterflies, ants,
and beetles
undergo complete
metamophosis.
Incomplete metamorphosis
• This process
proceeds from an
egg to nymph to
adult.
• Grasshoppers,
crickets and
boxelder bugs
undergo this
process.
• There may be
several nymph
stages.
Class Crustacea
Two body regions,
cephalothorax and
abdomen.
At least one pair of
mandibles
Swimmerets - specialized
appendages used for
swimming.
Includes crayfish, crabs,
lobsters, shrimp,
barnacles, copepods,
daphnia and sow bugs
Crayfish external anatomy
Phylum – Arthropoda subphylum - crustacea
Crayfish internal anatomy – this view is below the gills.
6 species of Crayfish live in Minnesota with one species, the Rusty
Crayfish, being an introduced invasive pest. The northern or Virile
crayfish, listed below is common in Minnesota and attains a length up to
145 mm (14.5 cm or nearly 6 in. long)
Pillbugs
• Pillbugs are land
crustaceans with a rounder
back and deeper body than
sowbugs.
• When disturbed they can
roll into a tight ball like an
armadillo
• They have gills which
need constant moisture so
they live in moist, humid
areas
• They are nocturnal, eating
decaying plant material
Sowbugs
• Sowbugs are land
crustaceans which look a
lot like pillbugs.
• They have 7 pairs of legs
and reach a length of 15
mm.
• They also have gills and
feed on decaying plants
and young plant shoots.
• Includes spiders,
scorpions, mites and
ticks.
• Two body segments,
fangs and pedipalps,
book lungs and
Malphigian tubules.
• Two general groups,
wolf spiders and orb
weavers.
• All have a poisonous
bite, but few actually
bite.
• In the US the black
widow and the brown
recluse are the most
dangerous.
Class Arachnida
Wolf Spiders
• Minnesota Fishing Spider or
Dock Spider is the largest
spider in the state with a body
length of 1 inch and a leg span
of 3 inches
• Very active hunters patrolling
rocks and docks near the waters
edge.
• They have been seen running
across the water to catch
minnows, frogs and tadpoles.
• They will give a painful bite if
handled roughly.
Orb Weavers
• Spin a web and wait for
prey to become entangled.
• Poisonous bite paralyzes
prey.
• Male usually much
smaller.
• Black widow is most
poisonous in US and will
venture into garages and
basements in the southern
US
Brown Recluse Spider
• Very shy with a violin
shaped marking on the
back.
• Body 1/4 to 1/2 inch
long, legs and body
cover an area the size
of a quarter.
• Most poisonous spider
in MN
Class Arachnida sub-class solfugae (Sun Spiders)
Sun spider chelicerae
• 3/4 of all known
species.
• 3 body regions,
head, thorax and
abdomen.
• Three pairs of legs
attached to the
thorax.
• Wings are made of
chitin as well as the
exoskeleton.
• Have mouthparts
designed for their
food.
• Can communicate
with sounds or
pheromones.
Class Insecta
• Wingspan 2.0 -2.3 in.
• Hibernates in MN
• Caterpillar feeds on
Nettles, Hops and
baby tears.
• They use a few
strands of silk to draw
the leaf together in a
tube.
• Adults feed on the
nectar of lilacs,
butterflybush and
other flowers.
Red Admiral
Mosquito
• Adult female feeds on
blood to help nourish
developing eggs in her
body. Males feed on
flower nectar.
• Eggs are laid in water
and larva hatch and eat
algae in water,
breathing through a
tube which extends to
surface of water.
Termites
• Social insects with
different forms
having specific jobs
in the colony.
• Can eat wood,
because of microbe
in the gut.
• One of the chief
producers of
methane gas on the
planet.
Hornets
(Yellowjackets)
• These are not bees!!
• They can sting several
times, since stinger is
not barbed.
• Eat nectar and
decaying plant and
animal material.
Become aggressive
and persistent towards
the end of summer.
Chilopoda
• Can have up to 100
pairs of legs.
• One pair of legs for
each body segment.
• Their spiracles do not
close and their
exoskeleton is not
water proof.
• They tend to live in
warm, moist areas.
• Claws located near
the head are often
poisonous.
Diplopoda – the
millipedes
• Each segment has two
pairs of legs.
• Tend to be vegetarians.
• Will roll up in a ball
when disturbed.
• Some species protect
themselves by secreting
unpleasant chemicals.
• Harmless vegetarians
for the most part.
• Spiny skinned animals,
internal skeleton, water
vascular system and tube feet.
• Most have 5 part symmetry.
• Include Starfish, Brittle Stars,
Sea Cucumbers, Sea Urchins,
Crinoids and Sand Dollars
• Largest phylum to not
include any freshwater or
terrestrial representatives.
• Radial symmetry
• Tube feet
• Nerve ring and chords in
arms.
• Largest 54 inch diameter and
13 lbs.
Echinoderms
Starfish
• Usually has 5 arms.
• Mouth and anus on ventral
side close to each other.
• Pedicallaria, tiny pincerlike structures keep the
arms free of algae.
• They are carnivorous
eating sponges, bryozoans,
ascidians and molluscs.
Echinoderms – Form and Function
• Respiration through tube
feet.
• Digestive wastes through
anus.
• Ammonia released through
tube feet.
• Nerve ring with nerve cords
down the arms.
• Scattered cells that are
sensitive to light, chemicals
and gravity.
• External Fertilization.
• Swimming larva settles to
bottom and grows into adult.
• Larva have bilateral
symmetry!
Sea Lillys
• Cup shaped body with
feather like arms
protruding from a central
disk.
• Mouth and anus on the
upper side of disk
• Usually anchored to
bottom, they can crawl,
swim, roll or walk to new
areas.
• They feed on planktonic
animals that they catch
with their feathery arms.
Sea Cucumbers
• Bilateral symmetry with a
mouth at one end and an anus at
the other.
• Flexible muscular body, with
numerous modified tube feet
around the mouth which
function in food gathering.
• Most of them crawl over the
bottom ingesting sand and
digesting organic material from
the sand.
• When attacked they excrete a
thread like material that is part
of their digestive system. This
tissue is very toxic and usually
discourages the attacker.
A few different sea cucumbers
Crown of Thorns Starfish
• This starfish eats
coral polyps.
• It has damaged
extensive areas of the
Great Barrier Reef.
• It seems as if there
numbers have
decreased lately.
Sea Urchins
• Radial symmetry with a
ventral mouth containing a
jaw and horny teeth.
• Anus is on the upper
surface.
• Movable spines are
attached to the body and
some are poisonous
• Movement is by tube feet.
• They eat algae, detritus,
sponges and ascidians
Sand Dollars
• Sand Dollars are
specialized Sea
urchins that bury
themselves in sand and
eat decaying organic
material that they find
there.
Brittle Stars
• Close relatives of
Starfish, they have no
anus, wastes are
eliminated through the
ventral mouth.
• They feed on small
invertebrates, plankton
and organic material
they find on other
animals.