Transcript Slide 1

The
Animal
Kingdom
Invertebrates
&
Vertebrates
www.the-directory.org/index.php?cPath=2
The animal kingdom is
very diverse.
• The simplest animals lack a mouth, organ
systems like a nervous or digestive system &
have no body cavity.
• More complex animals have specialized organs,
skeletal systems & complex behaviors.
Name an animal:
•
How many of you named an invertebrate
animal?
• Invertebrates– do not have a backbone
– more than 95% of all animal species
•
Vertebrates– an animal with a backbone.
Consider the following animals:
– sponge,
– tapeworm,
– liver fluke
– clam,
– earthworm,
– snail,
– squid,
– starfish,
– shark,
– elephant
Think about how each of these animals eats.
Which are carnivores? Herbivores? Parasites?
Characteristics of Animals
Most members of the animal kingdom share
these 4 Important characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Multicellular, no cell walls
Heterotrophic
Sexual reproduction is common
Mobile (at least part of life cycle)
Multicellular:
many specialized cells with no cell walls.
(for example- adult humans have ~ 50-100 trillion cells)
•
Specialization- is the evolutionary adaptation of a
•
cell for a particular function.
Cell- Tissue- Organ-organ system- Organism
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/bicelltissueorgan.gif
http://millville.sps.edu/allaccess/divisions/science/jdonnelly/Cell%20Page_files/04-05A-AnimalCell-L.jpg
• Heterotropy- must obtain organic molecules
from other sources, most animals Ingest & Digest
food.
• Sexual Reproduction
–Most animals produce a Zygote
from 2 haploid gametes.
– Some animals also reproduce asexually
(Budding, Regeneration, Parthenogenesis, etc)
• Motility- Most animals move for at
least part of their life cycle.
–Due to 2 tissues- nervous &
muscle tissues
– Example: coordination
between nervous & muscle
tissue needed for predator
(bat) to catch its prey (mosquito)
http://www.medicinebeeherbals.com/images/leaf-nosed-bat.jpg
Pattern of Symmetry
describes the body plan of an animal
• Asymmetry - no pattern
– (corals, sponges)
• Radial Symmetry - shaped
like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish)
• Bilateral Symmetry -has
a right & left side (worms, humans,
insects, beetles, cats, elephants)
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes-chap28.html
Major Animal Phyla
• Invertebrates:
– Porifera (sponges)
– Cnidaria (jellyfish ,coral)
– Platyhelminthes (flatworms-planarian, tapeworm, flukes)
– Nematoda (roundworms- many parastic)
– Annelida (segmented worms- earthworms, leeches)
– Mollusca (soft bodies-snails, clams, squid, octopi)
– Arthropoda
•
•
•
•
arachnids, (spiders, mites & ticks)
Crusteceans (shrimp, lobster, crab, daphnia, crayfish)
myriapoda (centipedes & millipedes)
Insects ( ladybugs, beetles, ants, flies, moths, stink bugs)
– Echinoderms –starfish, sea stars. Sea urchins
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecPorifera/PoriVarietyp.gif
Phylum
Cnidarian
(jellyfish, hydra,
sea anemone)
http://thundafunda.com/33/underwater-animals-fish/Drifters,%
20Jellyfish%20pictures%20underwater%20photos.jpg
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3290/2415983685_fdf23a1b17.jpg
http://www.valdosta.edu/~jlgoble/Sea%20Anemone%20Diadumene%20Dia%2030cm%201.JPG
Platyhelminthes
(flatworms like planarian,
Phylum
flukes & tapeworms)
http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/Tapeworm%5B1%5D.JPG
http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/piclib/webimages/0/33000/400/33444_med.jpg
http://researchdata.museum.vic.gov.au/marine/images/A17912R1.jpg
Phylum Nematoda (round worms)
A parasitic round worm:
About 20,000 people each
year die of this large
round worm infection when
It gets so numerous that
their organs burst.
http://www.okawvetclinic.com/sites/site-2547/images/771356b4-7f00-0001-2d02-8dcb3b22
Phylum Annelida
Segmented worms:
Annelids means little rings (many body segments).
• Earthworm
• Bristle worms
• Leeches
http://www.ync.ca/bronze%20level%20guide/earthworm.j
http://yhsbiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/Bristle_worm.jpg/48671939/Bristle_worm.jpg
Mollusks:
Snails,
slugs
Clams,
Squid.
Octopus
static.blogr.com
www.math.tamu.edu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch
http://www.americanaquariumproducts.com/images/graphics/octopus.jpg
Arthropods
(Includes: millipedes, crustaceans
like crayfish, arachnids like
spiders, insects like ladybugs,
beetles, )
The largest animal phyla:
“The real rulers of the Earth”
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropoda.html
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/arthropods_intro_01
Echinoderms
http://ourkidsnews.com/newssite/images/stories/users/starfish.jpg
The next & Last phylum is
Chordata
• There are 2 invertebrate chordates:
–Lancelet & Tunicates
• But – all the Rest of
animals in Chordata are
vertebrate classes
Vertebrate: classes
• 5 classes of Fish:
–
–
–
–
–
Myxini- (Hagfishes -“slime eels”)
Cephalaspidomorphi (Lampreys parasites)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous - sharks, rays, skates)
Ray-finned fishes
Lobe-Finned Fishes
• Amphibia -(land & water-frogs, toads, salamanders)
• Reptilia- (watertight skin- snakes, alligators,
turtles, lizards)
Aves –Birds- have FEATHERS
•
• Mammalia
(fur & milk (orders of mammals)
-Monotremes -Marsupials -Placental mammals
5 classes of fish
• Myxini
• Cephalaspidom
orphi
• Chondrichthyes
• Actinopterygii
• Sarcopterygii
www.mantarayinn.com
www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/far/12588.html
http://www.ryanphotographic.com/chordates.htm
Class:
Amphibia
“Amphibian” means "double life”
-adults live on land, but their soft eggs must be
laid in the water.
Amphibians: have moist skinthat they breath through
(tadpoles have gills/ adults have lungs)
Frog
and
toad
species
.
distinctive call to attract females
• Click here to see
& hear common
northern USA
frogs & toads
•
(remember not to go thru firefox)
http://dnr.wi.gov/org/cae
r/ce/eek/critter/amphi
bian/frogident.htm
Class
Reptilia
water tight skin
with amniotic
eggs
Chapter 41
http://www.thebigzoo.com/animals/zoom/Varanus_komodoensis_001.asp
How are Reptiles different
than amphibians?
• Watertight skin-
– Can live in dry areas (although some are aquatic)
– do not breathe through skin (like amphibians)
• The amniotic egg
– layers of membranes -with shell
– can lay on dry ground
• Efficient respiration & excretion
– Lungs, 3 or 4 chambered heart
– Some can go their entire life without drinking (desert tortoises &
lizards)
Birds
class “Aves”
The only
animals
with feathers
3 types feathers
Downy
Contour
Flight
http://www.kidwings.com/bodyparts/feathers/types/index.htm
Class: Mammalia
Monotreme species:
Only 5 living: duck-billed
platypus & 4 species of
echidna (spiny anteaters).
Placental mammals
4000 described species,
mostly rodents and bats
Marsupial mammals
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mammal.html
There are 3 different kinds of mammals
based on how they give birth:
1.Monotremes are oviparous, they lay eggs.
2. Marsupials are viviparous, they give birth to
live young that further develop within a
mother’s body.
pouch on the
3. Placental mammals also viviparous,
but the fetus typically develops within the mother’s
reproductive system for a longer time & receives
nourishment through blood-rich structure- the placenta.
– Mammalian characteristics
All mammals have the following
six major characteristics:
1. Endothermy
2. Hair
3. Completely
divided heart
4. Milk/ mammary
glands.
5. Single jawbone
6. Specialized teeth
– History of Mammals-
Phylogenetic Diagram of
Higher Vertebrates
Some Definitions
• Dorsal -back
• Ventral -abdomen
• Anterior -head end
• Posterior -tail end
• Cephalization (means it has a HEAD!)
– it’s a concentration of brain & sensory
structures in anterior end.
(Common in bilaterally symmetrical animals.)
What are the types of body support?
1. Some invertebrates have no skeletal
system & rely on water for support
2. Exoskeleton
– some invertebrates like arthropods
- must be shed.- does not grow
- made of Chitin
3. Endoskeleton- All vertebrates
- grows with the organism
- made of cartilage & bone
Segmentation
• Is a series of repeating units in the
body.
• Invertebrates & Vertebrates
– Invertebrates: earthworm, arthropods
– All vertebrates: Vertebrae- are the
repeating bony units of the backbone
– YOU are a segmented animal
Example animals:
We will be dissecting these:
• Invertebrate:
– earthworm
class Oligochaeta)
(Phylum Annelida,
• Vertebrate:
– frog (Phylum Chordata, class Amphibia)
Lumbricus terrestris
the Common Earthworm
Kingdom: Animal
Phylum:Annelida
Class: Oligochaeta
Order:Haplotaxida
Family:Lumbricidae
Genus: Lumbricus
Species terrestris
www.separationsnow.com
Earthworms Feeding /Digestion
Ingest soil as they burrow through it.
• Soil is moved through these structures:
– mouth
– pharynx
– esophagus
– crop
– gizzard
– intestine
– anus
• Earthworms play an important role in the condition of soil.
Closed circulatory system.
• “Heart” is 5 aortic arches
• Also- have large dorsal blood vessel
• pump blood through the vessels of the body
Respiration and Excretion
• Oxygen & CO2 diffuse through moist skin,
• Cellular wastes and excess water are excreted
through nephridia.
Neural Control
• Consists of a chain of ganglia connected by a ventral
nerve cord.
Earthworm Reproduction
• Earthworms are H
ermaphrodites,
– Meaning that each individual has both male & female
reproductive organs.
– However- an individual worm cannot fertilize its
own eggs.
• During mating, earthworms press their ventral
surfaces together.
• Held together by their setae and by a film of
mucus secreted by each worm’s clitellum.
• Fertilization occurs inside the tube, which forms
a protective case for the young worms.
You need to know the
parts of the
earthworm for the test!!!
Earthworm diagrams
Things to know from the earthworm dissection:
• The parts of the earthworm digestive tract in order:
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard,
intestine, anus
• That the earthworm has a closed circulatory
system: the “hearts” are 5 Aortic Arches.
• Earthworms are hermaphrodites: they have both
male & female parts in the same organism
• Earthworms are segmented animals- have
repeating body sections.
• They move with circular & longitudinal muscles
• They are adapted to their diet of eating soil by
having a long digestive tract- especially the
intestine for removing nutrients from the dirt.
• The following is Information
for Frog dissection
Frog (Amphibian) Systems
A Skin- no scales, moist, slimy, part of respiratory system
B. Skeleton- supports body against pull of gravity
C. Circulatory- 3 chambered heart, 2 circuit system
D. Respiratory – larvae (gills & skin) adult (lungs & skin)
E. Digestive – large elastic esophagus & stomach- for
carnivores swallowing food whole. See parts.
F. Excretory- in adult- kidney; ammonia (which is secreted as waste
in fish & amphibian larva) is
transformed to urea
G. Nervous- 4 lobes & sensory organs
H. Reproduction- depend on water, most external
fertilization, metamorphosis.
Digestive System
• Parts include:
–Pharynx,
–Esophagus
–Stomach
–Small intestine
–Large intestine
–Cloaca
• Waste materials are stored in the cloaca and exit the body
through the vent.
Frog Internal
Anatomy