Transcript Introduction to Animals

Introduction to Animals
Taxonomy Breakdown
• Three Domains:
Six Kingdoms
Characteristics of Animals
• All multicellular (metazoans)
• Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus &
organelles)
• Ingestive heterotrophs (take in
food and internally digest it)
• Store food reserves as
glycogen
Support Systems
• Have some type of skeletal support
• Endoskeleton inside and made of
cartilage &/or bone
• Exoskeletons found in arthropods
– Cover the outside of the body
– Limit size
– Must be molted making animal
vulnerable to predators
Cicada Molting Exoskeleton
Endoskeletons Grow with the
Animal
Support Systems
• Worms and
echinoderms
(starfish) have
fluid-filled internal
cavities giving them
support
• Called hydrostatic
skeletons
Movement
• Animals such as sponges may be
sessile (attached & non-moving)
• Animals that move very little
are said to be sedentary (clam)
• Animals that can move are
motile
• Have muscular tissue to provide
energy for movement
SESSILE
Sponge
MOTILE
SEDENTARY
Chiton
Cheetah
Levels of Organization
• Sponges are the ONLY animals that
have just the cellular level
• All other animals show these levels
– cell, tissue, organ, and system
• Cells may specialize (take on
different shapes and functions)
• Cells are held together by cell
junctions to form tissues
Invertebrate
groups
Characteristics of
Invertebrates
• Simplest animals
• Contain the greatest number of
different species
• Most are aquatic (found in water)
• Do NOT have a backbone
• Includes sponges, cnidarians,
flatworms, roundworms, annelids,
mollusks, arthropods, and
echinoderms
Mollusca Facts
• There are three
distinct body
zones: a headfoot, (sensory and
motor organs); a
visceral mass,
(digestion,
excretion, and
reproduction); and
a mantle, (secretes
the shell).
• The mantle cavity,
a space between
the mantle and the
visceral mass,
houses the gills;
the digestive,
excretory, and
reproductive
systems discharge
into it.
Mollusca (With and Without Shells)
snail
nautilus
scallop
nudibranch
octopus
Arthropod Facts
• Arthropods have
segmented bodies.
• Arthropods have
an exoskeleton
• During their life
cycle, arthropods
undergo a
transformation
called
metamorphosis.
• Arthropods are a
highly successful
group of animals—
they account for
over three
quarters of all
currently known
living and fossil
organisms.
Arthropoda (insects, spiders,
crustaceans, horseshoe crab)
spider
crayfish
Horseshoe crab
Dung
beetle
Echinoderm Facts
• 6,000 species
• Echinoderms are
characterized by
their radial
symmetry, water
vascular system
and internal
skeleton.
• Sea stars are
sometimes called
star fish, but this
is an incorrect
name since they
are not fish.
Echinoderms
Sea fan (crinoid)
starfish
Brittle star
Sand dollar
Sea cucumber
Vertebrate
Groups
Vertebrates
• More complex animals
• Most have a backbone made up
of individual bones called
vertebrae
• From simplest to most complex,
the phylum includes: fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals
Vertebrates
• Vertebrates have endoskeletons
(internal)
• Some vertebrates have
skeletons of cartilage (sharks,
rays, and skates)
• Other vertebrates have
skeletons of bone and cartilage
(reptiles, birds, & mammals)
Bone & Cartilage in Fetus
40 day old cat fetus
Amphibian Facts
• Three groups of
amphibians are: Newts
and Salamanders,
Frogs and Toads, and
Caecilians.
• 5,000 to 6,000 known
species.
• Amphibians have
delicate, permeable
skin (moist skin).
• The skin of amphibians
lacks the protection
that scales (reptiles)
and hair (mammals)
provides these other
groups of animals.
• They are ectothermic
(controls body
temperature through
external means).
Amphibia
salamander
toad
frog
newt
Reptile Facts
• 8,000 known species
alive today.
• Largest reptiles are
leatherback turtle,
komodo dragon and
saltwater crocodile.
• In many reptiles the
sex of the young is
determined by the
temperature the
embryos are exposed
to during incubation.
• Reptiles are coldblooded(Ectothermic).
• Reptiles have scales.
Reptilia
Turtle
Snake
Lizard
Alligator
Birds – Aves facts
•
•
•
•
•
Feathers.
High metabolism.
A four-chambered heart.
A beak with no teeth.
A lightweight but strong
skeleton.
• Production of hard-shelled eggs.
Birds - Aves
ostrich
hummingbird
lovebirds
Mammal Facts
• Mammals are divided •
into 21 groups.
• Mammals are
•
tetrapods. (4
legs/limbs)
• Mammals are warmblooded
• All mammals have
hair
The largest mammal
is the blue whale
The smallest mammal
is the bumblebee
bat.
Mammalia
Body
Areas
Surfaces
•
•
•
•
Dorsal – back or upper surface
Ventral – belly or lower surface
Anterior – head or front end
Posterior – tail or hind end opposite
the head
• Oral surface (echinoderms) – is
where the mouth is located
(underside)
• Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is
opposite the mouth (top side)
Surfaces (Echinoderms)
ORAL
ABORAL
mouth
Surfaces (Most Animals)
DORSAL
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
VENTRAL
Symmetry
Body Symmetry
Body Symmetry
• Symmetry is the
arrangement of body
parts around a
central plane or axis
• Asymmetry occurs
when the body can’t
be divided into
similar sections
(sponges)
Body Symmetry
• Radial symmetry occurs when
body parts are arranged around
a central point like spokes on a
wheel (echinoderms)
• Most animals with radial
symmetry are sessile
(attached) or sedentary (move
very little)
Body Symmetry
• Bilateral symmetry occurs when
animals can be divided into
equal halves along a single plane
• Organisms will have right and
left sides that are mirror
images of each other
• More complex type of
symmetry
Body Symmetry
• Animals with bilateral symmetry
are usually motile
• Animals have an anterior and
posterior ends
• Show cephalization
(concentration of sensory
organs on the head or anterior
end)
Segmentation
Segmentation
• Only present in more complex animals.
• May occur internally, externally, or both.
• Repetition of body parts (vertebrae,
ribs).
• Segments may be fused such as
cephalothorax convering head and chest of
crayfish.
• Earthworms (internal and external);
vertebrates (internal).
Segmentation
cephalothorax
Metamorphosis
• Usually found in arthropods
• May be complete or incomplete
• Incomplete Metamorphosis:
egg
nymph
adult
• Complete Metamorphosis:
egg
larva
pupa
adult
Complete
Metamorphosis
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Incomplete or complete
metamorphosis?
Digestive Systems
• All animals are ingestive
heterotrophs
• Choanocytes - capture & digest
food for sponges
• Gastrovascular cavity with one
opening in cnidarians and
flatworms for food to enter &
leave; called two-way digestive
system
Bacteria,
Protists,
&
I.
Bacteria
A. Characteristics
1. They are tiny and unicellular
2. They are prokaryotic which
means that their DNA is not
housed in a nucleus.
3. They are very numerous –
For example, there are 2.5
billion bacteria in a gram of
garden soil
4. They can live just about
anywhere.
5. Bacteria come in many
different shapes and colors!
Cocci
(circular)
Rod
Spiral
B. Bacteria’s Structure
1. Cell wall – Tough, for
protection
2. Cell membrane –
Controls what comes in
and out
3. DNA – Floats freely, not
contained in a nucleus
4. Some cannot move.
Others can move with
flagella (which is a
long, whip-like tail).
C. 5 types of bacteria (depending
on how they get energy)
1. Heterotrophs – Eat
other organisms to get energy
2. Parasites – Feed on
living organisms (but don’t kill
them)
3. Decomposers – Feed
on dead organisms.
4. Chemoautotrophs –
Make energy from chemicals
like sulfur and iron
5. Autotrophs – Do
photosynthesis (make energy
from sunlight, water, and
carbon dioxide).
Flesh eating bacteria 
D. Bacteria and its effects on others
1. Bacteria in Nature
a. Food and energy relationships –
Bacteria break down dead organisms
and release nutrients to be used by
other organisms.
b. Oxygen production – Billions of
years ago, bacteria released oxygen
as they did photosynthesis and this
changed the early atmosphere from
poisonous to possible for organisms
like protists, fungi, plants, and
animals to evolve.
c. Symbioses – Some bacteria form
partnerships (symbiosis) where they
live on, near, or even inside another
organism. For example, E.coli
bacteria live in our intestines and
help us digest our food properly.
Some bacteria are
bioluminescent!
D. Bacteria and its effect on others
(continued)
2. Bacteria and Humans
a. Almost all bacteria are harmless or HELPFUL 
(1) Bacteria are present and used in food, fuel,
medicines, industrial processes
(2) Bacteria help break down pollutants
(3) Bacteria help keep us healthy (help us digest our
food, for example)
•
b. A few bacteria cause problems for humans 
(1) They spoil food
(2) They can poison water supplies
(3) They can damage property
(4) They cause diseases like strep throat, pneumonia,
diptheria, cholera, teanus, tuberculosis, bubonic plague,
Lyme disease, tooth decay, gum disease. Many of these
can be treated (or prevented) with proper hygiene or
immunizations or antibiotics.
F. What about Viruses?
•
•
•
•
•
Viruses are disease-causing germs.
They are NOT considered living
because:
a.
They are not made of cells.
b.
They cannot eat food or
produce waste.
Viruses can invade living thing’s cells
and make them sick.
Viruses ARE able to reproduce.
Some diseases caused by viruses:
AIDS, measels, influenza, hepatitis,
small pox, polio, encephalitis,
mumps, and herpes.
Viruses
Host cell– cell in
which a virus
reproduces
bacteriophage –
virus that infects
bacteria
Characteristics of Viruses
inner core of nucleic acid (DNA or
RNA) surrounded by 1 or 2 protein
coats (called a capsid)
Variety of shapes determined by
the proteins in their coats
CANNOT be killed by antibiotics
II.
PROTISTS (Kingdom Protista)
A. Characteristics
1. Tiny and unicellular
2. Larger than monerans, but cannot be seen
without a microscope.
3. They are eukaryotic which means that their
DNA is housed in a nucleus.
4. Most live in the water.
5. Most live as individual cells but some live as
colonies where many protists live tightly
packed together
6. Protists are a VERY diverse group in the
way they carry out their life functions.
B. 3 types (Depending on how
they get their energy)
• Animal-like protists
• Plant-like protists
• Fungus-like protists
1. Animal-like Protists
Paramecium
a. They are heterotrophs which
means that they must consume
other organisms for energy.
b. They can move with flagella
(whip-like tails, cilia (little hairs
that act like tiny oars), or
pseudopods (“footlike”
extensions)
c. Some examples
(1) Paramecium – Have cilia
(2) Amoeba – Have pseudopods
Amoeba
2. Plant-like Protists
a. They are autotrophs which
means that they have
chloroplasts which use sunlight
to make their own food in the
process of photosynthesis.
b. They make 70% of the world’s
oxygen!
c. To move, most plant-like
protists have flagella (whip-like
tails).
Volvox
Euglena
Diatoms
3. Fungus-like Protists
a. They are heterotrophs with
cell walls.
b. They live in moist soil and on
decaying plants.
c. They feed on bacteria and
other microorganisms.
Slime Mold
d. An example is slime mold.
III.
Fungi (Kingdom Fungi)
A. Characteristics
1. All fungi are heterotrophs.
2. They release chemicals
that digest the substance
on which they are growing.
Then they absorb the
digested food.
3. They are multicellular
(except for yeast) and
eukaryotic.
4. Fungi (and bacteria) are
considered the Earth’s
“clean up crew”.
•
Shelf mushrooms growing on
a dead tree.
B. Structure of Fungi
1. Fungi cells are
called hyphae and
are continuous
threads that contain
many nuclei.
2. This is different from
plant and animals
cells which each
have their own cell
membrane and
nucleus.
B. 3 types of fungi
1. Yeasts
2. Mushrooms
3. Mold
1. Yeasts
a. Yeasts are made of
only one cell.
b. They are used to
make bread rise.
c. As yeast grows, it
produces carbon
dioxide.
d. Yeasts reproduce by
a process known as
“budding”
Yeast under a
microscope
Yeast budding
2. Mushrooms
a. Shaped like an umbrella
b. Some can be eaten but
others are poisonous. c.
Reproduce with
spores which are
reproductive cells that get
carried by the wind to a
new location and start a
new mushroom.
3. Mold
a. Mold is fuzzy,
shapeless, and flat,
and grow on the
surface of an object
(like bread).
b. Some are used to
make foods like tofu,
soy sauce, and blue
cheese
c. Certain molds make
the drug Penicillin
Bread
mold
under a
microscope
Mold growing on a rock
C. Fungi and its effects on others
1. Some fungi are helpful in
making food or medicines.
2. Most fungi are neutral (not
good but not bad).
3. A few fungi are harmful
a. Dutch Elm Disease
b. Fungi that damage crops
c. Fungi that are poisonous
d. Fungi that cause cancer
or cause itchy or painful
sores on humans/pets (like
ringworm or athlete’s foot).
Athlete’s Foot
Dutch Elm
Disease
Ring Worm