Transcript TRI P
Tests of Fundamental Symmetries Fundamental Interactions at Low Energy The TRIP facility •Fundamental interactions and symmetries •CP & T and CPT, The Standard Model and the Universe •Time-reversal violation and electric dipole moments •Time-reversal violation and beta decay H.W. Wilschut •How to do the experiments: TRIP (Trapped Radioactive Isotopes lab’s for fundamental Physics) Symmetries and Models • The ‘fundamental’ (discrete) symmetries Parity (the world in a mirror would work) Charge conjugation (a universe of antimatter would be OK) Time reversal (local OK but enthropy increases) They are not symmetries of the Standard Model CPT would be really fundamental (Lorentz invariance) CP and T are very good in atomic and nuclear physics • Search for Time Reversal Violation (TRV) at low energy are direct tests of the Standard Model Searches for ‘new physics’ at low energy neutrino physics oscillations, absolute mass, neutrinoless double beta decay atomic physics parity non-conservation weak charge anapole moment = nuclear physics nuclear physics beta-decay V-A, T, S, P Vud,unitarity CKM forbidden moments electric dipole moments NUPECC long-range report (fundamental interactions) KVI choice: 1) edm (TRV) 2) beta-decay (correlations, including TRV) TRV and CPV in the Standard Model __ K0 K0 degenerate K1 K2 CP eigenstates KS KL actual states CPV __ CP or T violation in K0 K0 d Vxd u,c,t s __ K0 CKM matrix K0 _ s W W ___ u,c,t _ d __ Similar for B0 B0 Now know CPV phase CKM Additional sources CPV may explain matter – anti-matter asymmetry lets try to find them…… Time reversal violation and the Electric Dipole Moment J d time time •any particle will do • dn 0.6 10-27 em • de < 1.6 10-29 em • de (SM) < 10-39 em •QM: J//d • find suitable object • Schiff • need amplifier • atomic (Z3) • nuclear • suitable structure Consider all nuclides EDM violates parity and time reversal Electric dipole moments exist !? they are listed in handbooks Feynman lectures III chapter 9 will give the answer |1 Energy more? p J1=J2 |I p |1 split tunnel probability 0 Electric field |2 p |II -p The definite energy eigenstates |I / |II = 1 (|1 |2) 2 have no dipole moment |2 Adding a fundamental dipole p 11 0 2222 12 12 |1 d J p |ez| |ez| |2 d p A E0 H ij E0 A pI I|ez|I 0 New states L and S ES,L= (2 + 2) Diagonalizing E0 A H ij A E0 New states I and II EI,II = I 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 II S cos α sin α I L sin α cos α II pS = S|ez|S = p sin 2 = p /A p2 5 Enhancement factor pS /d 10 Aa3 Nearly degenerate states with opposite parity allow to observe TRV EDM: What Object to Choose ? 205Tl: d = -585 de 199Hg: d nuclatom Ra: Ra/Hg=(10>1)(10>3) Theoretical input needed EDM Now and in the Future NUPECC list 199Hg 1.610-27 • • Radium potential Start TRIP de (SM) < 10-37 TRV in -decay: Correlation measurement • R and D test both Time Reversal Violation • D most potential • R scalar and tensor (EDM, a) • technique D measurements gives a, A, b, B But first something simple………… Weak interaction made simple -decay : 0+ 0+ ( Fermi) neutrino electron = 1 neutrino 2 electron Superallowed Fermi decay pure Vector: case 2 a little case 1: means Scaler component = BSM Structure of the weak interaction Of all possible interactions only few are allowed characterization by the Dirac matrices involved 1 5 5 S P Scalar Pseudo Scalar V Vector (GV) A Axial Vector (GA) T Tensor Structure is V - A= left handed interaction “beyond” = right handedness new bosons more Higgs’s or….. = S, P or T “The Nucleus as micro laboratory” Fermi transitions 0+ 0+ N + N’ e, + Gamow-Teller 1+ 0+ Decay probability (phase space) (nuclear structure) (weak interact) The role of (optical) trapping Optical trap sample • isotope selective, spin manipulation • point source, no substrate • recoil (ion) mass spectrometry From KVI atomic physics: He2+ + Na S. Knoop Ideal environment for precision experiments 1 a.u.=15 AeV Correlation experiments Setup at TRIUMF (Behr et al.) for 38mK (t1/2=0.93 s; 0+ 0+) Typical measured spectrum (Behr) 1.5 s 6 AeV Current value aF=0.992(8)(5) improved statistics ? (3)(3) current limitation: response other attempts: aGT 6He at LPC/GANIL with Paul trap Status and Future of D coefficient •D in neutron (-0.61.7)10-3 •D in 19Ne < (48)10-4 Weak magnetism •DWM (19Ne) = 2.610-4 pe/pmax •With measurement of D(pe) momentum dependence two orders of magnitude to be gained. •D in =0.110.10 • KVI goes for • 21Na (3/2+3/2+ ; t1/2=22.5 s) • 20Na(2+ 2+ + / ; t1/2 =0.5 s) ( Rate of in-trap decays 105/s) Theory D Im (CVCA*) CKM 10-12 : : Susy 10-7-10-6 LR sym 10-5-10-4 exotic ferm. 10-5-10-4 lepto quark present limit (1/2+1/2+ ; t1/2=17.3 s) 23Mg (3/2+3/2+ ; t =11.3 s) 1/2 19Ne The effect of the FSI (Theory group/masters thesis Marc van Veenhuizen) D=0 if all formfactors are real finite D due to weak magnetism FSI and TRV can be disentangled TRIP - Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: -laboratories for fundamental Physics Facility to • produce AGOR • select Separator • collect • hold Traps • manipulate radioactive nuclei, to study physics beyond the Standard Model TRIP The double mode separator Target DD QD QD chamber 2 QD DD Gas-filled Fragmentation recoil mode mode Target chamber 1 Gas cooler, RFQ Low energy beam Traps Beam rigidity B Product rigidity B Angle, vert., horiz. Momentum Acceptance Resolving Power Dispersion Fragmentation Gas-filled recoil separator separator 3.6 Tm 3.0 Tm 30 mrad 2.5% 1000 2000 (no gas filling)* 2.0 cm/% 3.8 * In the gas-filled mode the resolving power is limited by multiple scattering in the gas TRIP QD AGOR beam Catching the fast ions (ouch!) • new RIB facilities propose gascatchers • He gas stops products as 1+ ions (ionization potential difference) • Does it work? • It works in Argonne • more input needed Applied physics: AlCatraz KVI atomic physics project • • • • • • • The abundance of 41Ca 4 stages laser focusing Zeeman slower optical molasses MOT (ready) 10 orders of magnitude to go 410-5 Summary and outlook Fundamental Interactions -decay Nuclear structure - and -decay condensates Atomic moments Electric dipole Nuclear physics Nuclear moments very rare isotope detection Applied physics Atomic structure chemistry Atomic physics TRIP Group at KVI Scientists: Research technicians: G.P. Berg U. Dammalapati P.G. Dendooven O. Dermois M.N. Harakeh K. Jungmann A. Rogachevskiy M. Sanchez-Vega R. Timmermans, (theory) E. Traykov L. Willmann H.W. Wilschut you? (Graduate students) you? (Post docs) L. Huisman H. Kiewiet M. Stokroos TRIP collaborations: NIPNET IonCatcher KVI atomic phyisics R. Hoekstra R. Morgenstern S. Knoop S. Hoekstra