Transcript Infant Mortality Rates (per 1,000 Births) Vs. Health Care

Infant Mortality Rates (per 1,000
Births) Vs. Health Care Expenditure
(%GDP) in 2012
By: Marissa Taylor, Felicia Pascoal and Ellie Callery
Background Information:
➔ Infant Mortality is classified as the death of a baby before his or her first birthday.
➔ The risk of a child dying before completing the first year of life was highest in the World Health
Organization African region (63 per 1000 live births),was about six times higher than that in the World
Health Organization European region (10 per 1000 live births).
➔ Globally, the infant mortality rate has decreased from an estimated rate of 63 deaths per 1000 live
births in 1990 to 35 deaths per 1000 live births in 2012. Annual infant deaths have declined from 8.9
million in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2012.
➔ Most babies dies with the first year to these top 5 factors:
Born with serious birth defects
Born too small or too early
Victims of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Affected by maternal complications during the pregnancy.
Victims of Injury (e.g. Suffocation)
Background Information:
➔ This rate is often used as an indicator to measure the health and well-being of a
nation, because factors affecting the health of entire populations can also impact the
mortality rate of infants.
➔ Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It
covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning
activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not
include provision of water and sanitation.
Part 1: Infant Mortality Rates vs. Total Health Expenditure (%
of GDP) in the World's Wealthiest Countries
Infant Mortality Rates (number of
deaths per 1,000 births) in 2012:
Hypothesis:
I predict that the Infant Mortality Rate for the 15 Wealthiest Countries of the
World will have a direct link to each country’s percentage of Gross Domestic
Product spent on the Total Health Expenditures that are in place with in the
country.
Sampling techniques:
The data used in this assignment was formed by using Cluster Random
Sampling technique. Firstly, I collected information on all countries to
determine the order of wealthiest to poorest, dependent on their GDP in
millions of U.S dollars in 2012. I then took the top 15 wealthiest countries
on the list. In doing this; I divided the entire population of the world into
groups and then chose a sample of the entire population I would use for
my data. Another sample technique that was used was; Convenience
Sampling. All the data I need was easy to access over the internet in files
that were available to the public.
Frequency Table for Infant Mortality Rates
(number of deaths per 1,000 births)
Histogram:
-The histogram shows that there is an
overall decrease in the frequency in the
amount Infant Deaths per 1000 births
in the Top 15 Wealthiest Countries of
the World in 2012.
-Most of the countries were in the
interval of 2.5 having the highest
frequency of 8
-Two countries had exceedingly higher
amounts of Infant Deaths then the
majority of the countries.
Relative Frequency Graph:
- This Relative Frequency Graph
visually shows the fluctuation that is
seen in the data of Infant Mortality
Rate of the Top 15 Wealthiest
Countries of the World in 2012.
-There is a drastic drop from the
interval of 2.5 to 7.5, from there it
increases slightly, then drops from
the interval of 12.5 to having a
relative frequency of zero for two
intervals. then at both intervals; 27.5
and 42.5 there is a slight increase.
Cumulative Frequency Graph:
-This Cumulative Frequency Graph
shows the steady increase of the number
of Infant Deaths to it’s cumulative
frequency number in the Top 15
Wealthiest Countries of the world in
2012.
-Starting at the interval of 2.5, with a
cumulative frequency of 8 it increases
until the interval of 12.5. From there it
plateaus until 22.5. Then there is a
slight increase for one interval, then
another plateau and then one last
increase.
Bar Graph of Raw Data:
- This Bar Graph
represents the amount of
Infant Deaths per 1000
Births in the World’s
Wealthiest Countries in
2012.
- The countries are
shown in order of most
wealthy of the 15 to the
least.
-From the graph it shows
that there is not a direct
correlation of wealth of a
country to the Infant
Mortality Rate of the
country.
Box and Whiskers plot:
Measures of Spread:
Lowest Datum: 2.2
Median (Q2): 4.4
Q1: 152= 7.5 7.52= 3.5
Q1 is between the 3rd and 4th interval. Q1 = 3.4
Highest Datum: 43.8
Q3: 7.5+3.75 = 11.25
Q3 is between the 11th and 12th interval. Q3 = 12.5
Interquartile Range: Q3 - Q1=
12.5 - 3.4 = 9.1
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) of the Top 15
Wealthiest Countries of the World in the Year 2012
Frequency Table for Health Care Expenditure
(%GDP)
Intervals
Midpoint
(x)
Frequency
(f)
f(x)
Relative
Frequency
Cumulative
Frequency
(𝑥−𝑥̅)
𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)
(𝑥−𝑥̅)2
𝒇(𝒙−
𝒙̅)2
𝒇(𝒙−𝒙̅)/s
0.8-4.8
2.4
2
4.8
0.133333333
2
-7.01333
-14.0267
49.1868
196.7472
-2.38338
4.8-8.8
6.8
3
20.4
0.2
5
-2.61333
-7.83999
6.829494
61.46544
-1.33216
8.8-12.8
10.8
9
97.2
0.6
14
1.38667
12.48003
1.922854
155.7511
2.120583
12.8-16.8
14.8
0
0
0
14
5.38667
0
29.01621
0
0
16.8-20.8
18.8
1
18.8
0.066666667
15
9.38667
9.38667
88.10957
88.10957
1.594965
total
53.6
15
141.
2
1
15
0.00
175.0649
502.0734
0.00
Histogram:
The histogram shows that there is an overall
increase in the frequency in the amount of
Total Health Expenditures in the Top 15
Wealthiest Countries of the World in 2012.
-Most of the countries were in the interval of
10.8 having the highest frequency of 9.
- One country had an exceedingly higher
amount of Total Health Expenditures by
percent of their GDP.
Relative Frequency Graph:
- This Relative Frequency Graph
visually shows the fluctuation that is
seen in the data is the Total Health
Expenditures by percent of the GDP of
the Top 15 Wealthiest Countries of the
World in 2012.
- The data in this graph shows an
increase from the midpoint of 2.4
until 10.8. Then from that interval
there is a decrease all the way down to
a relative frequency of zero at the
interval of 14.8. which is followed by a
slight increase.
Cumulative Frequency Graph:
-This Cumulative Frequency Graph
shows the steady increase of the
number of it’s Total Health
Expenditures to the cumulative
frequency number in the Top 15
Wealthiest Countries of the world in
2012.
- Throughout the graph there is a large
increase in data then a slight plateau
between the midpoint 10.8 and 14.8.
Bar Graph of Raw Data:
- This Bar Graph represents the
amount of Total Health
Expenditures by percentage of the
GDP of the Top 15 Wealthiest
Countries of the World in 2012.
- The countries are shown in
order of most wealthy of the 15 to
the least.
- The data from this graph shows
that most of the Health
Expenditures in most countries
are pretty close together in range.
Box and Whiskers plot:
Measures of Spread:
Lowest Datum: 3
Median (Q2): 10.8
10.8 11.1
Q1: 152= 7.5
7.52= 3.75
Q1 is between the 3rd and
4th interval. Q1 = 5.6
Highest Datum: 17.9
Q3: 7.5+3.75 = 11.25
Q3 is between the 11th and
12th interval. Q3 = 11.1
Interquartile Range: Q3 - Q1=
11.1-5.6=5.5
Linear Regression:
- This scatter plot
demonstrates the relation of
the infant mortality rate
(deaths per 1,000 births)
and the Total Health
Expenditure (% of GDP) in
Wealthiest Countries of the
World in 2012.
- This shows that as the
Total Health Expenditure in
each country decrease,
there is an increase in that
amount of Infant Mortality
Rates.
Probability and Counting Theory:
Question:
In the 15 Wealthiest Countries of the World the Total Health Expenditures by
percentage of GDP were normally distributed with a mean of 9.41 and a
standard deviation of 5.99. Using the Normal Distribution method find the
probability of a country having a Total Health Expenditure of less than 6
percent of the GDP.
Solutions:
Let x represent the number being less than 6.
Therefore it’s a 28.43% chance that the Total Health Expenditures of a country
will be less than 6 percent of the GDP.
Part 2: Infant Mortality Rates vs. Total Health Expenditure
(% of GDP) in the World's Middle Class Countries
Infant Mortality Rates (number of deaths per
1,000 births) in 2012:
Hypothesis:
I predict that for the 15 Middle class countries, the Infant mortality rates (per
1,000 births) will be relatively dependent on the Percentage of Gross Domestic
Product spent on Health Expenditure in these countries but with few extraneous
variables that affect its dependency.
š
Sampling techniques:
In obtaining my data, I used the cluster random
sampling technique in order to find my data. I organized
the population into groups based on the countries and
took the 15 middle class countries were chosen in order
to observe the data. Therefore the entire population is
divided into groups, or clusters and the clusters were
selected; the groups were divided into Infant Mortality
Rate (Deaths per 1,000 Births) and Total Health
Expenditure (% of GDP). It was also done through a
convenience sample because all information was open to
the public and easily accessible throughout many
websites that were not confidential, but open to all.
Infant Mortality Rates (number of deaths per
1,000 births)
~Frequency table~
Histogram:
- This Histogram shows the
slow decreasing trend of the
data between the number of
Infant Deaths per 1,000 births
and the frequency in 2012.
-The trend decreases while at
the midpoint of 45.7 it rises 2
in frequency and decreases
while being stabilized until it
drops at 69.7 and rises again.
Relative frequency:
- This Relative Rrequency
graph demonstrates drastic
fluctuation between the
number of infant deaths per
1,000 births and its relative
frequency in 2012.
-The trend decreases until
37.7 (midpoint) and rises at
45.7 decreasing until 69.7
and rising at 77.7; a
fluctuating trend.
Cumulative frequency:
- This Cumulative Frequency
graph shows a steady
increase in the correlation
between the number of Infant
Deaths per 1,000 births and
its cumulative frequency
value in 2012.
-There is a slight dip in the
trend starting at 29.7 until
37.7 but begins to rise with
another dip at 61.7 until 67.9
but again continuing to rise.
Bar graph (raw data):
- This bar graph demonstrates the Middle Class Countries and the number of Infant Deaths per 1,000 Births in
2012.
-The trend fluctuates between each country beginning with the highest Middle Class Country to the lowest.
Box and whiskers plot:
Lowest datum: 2.5
Highest datum: 76.2
i) Q2= (median) 21.7
ii)Q1= (15=7.5/2=3.75)between the
3rd and 4th interval= 5.7
iii)Q3=(15=7.5+3.75) between the
11th and 12th interval = 45.7
iv) Interquartile range= Q3-Q1
45.7-5.7=40
Total Health Expenditure (% of GDP):
Total Health Expenditure (% of GDP)
~Frequency table~
Histogram:
-This Histogram shows the
Total Health Expenditure (%
of GDP) in 2012 and its
frequency.
-The trend demonstrates a
stable Expenditure until 5.5
where it rises and the drops
again; dropping until it
reaches 11.2.
Relative frequency:
-This Relative Frequency
raph correlates to the Total
Health Expenditure (% of
GDP) in 2012.
- The trend begins at a
steady rate but drastically
increases at 3.3 until 5.2.
Then on it slowly
decreases until it reaches
11.2.
Cumulative frequency:
- This Cumulative Frequency graph correlates to the Total Health Expenditure (% of GDP) in 2012.
-The trend shows a steady increase from the midpoints of 1.2 up until 11.2.
Bar graph (raw data):
-This bar graph
demonstrates the Middle
Class Countries in the world
and their Total Health
Expenditure (% of GDP) in
2012.
- Each country fluctuates
while beginning again with
the same pattern; the
Highest Middle Class
Country to the lowest.
Box and whiskers plot:
Lowest datum: 2.0
Highest datum: 10.3
i) Q2= (median) 5.2
ii)Q1= (15=7.5/2=3.75)between the
3rd and the 4th interval=5.2
iii)Q3= (15=7.5+3.75)between the
11th and 12th interval=7.2
iv) Interquartile range= Q3-Q1
7.2-5.2=2
Linear regression:
- This scatter plot demonstrates the
relationship between the two sets
of data; the infant mortality rate
(deaths per 1,000 births) and the
Total Health Expenditure (% of
GDP)
- This shows that as the Total
Health Expenditure rises, there is a
slight decrease in Infant Mortality
rates.
Non- linear regression:
- This scatter plot demonstrates the
best non linear regression that fits
the data and the relationship
between the Infant Mortality rate
(deaths per 1,000 births) and the
Total Health Expenditure (% of
GDP)
-This polynomial regression (power
of 6) is the model that it’s had the
highest value in order to best
represent the data.
Probability and counting theory:
1. Based on the Infant Mortality Rate in Panama; 15.9 (number of deaths per
1,000 births), what is the probability that exactly 6 infants out of 20 died from
malnutrition?
2. The Total Health Expenditure in Panama is uniformly distributed with a
mean of 8.2 and has a standard deviation of 4.2. If a random country is selected
what is the probability that the Health Expenditure would be greater than 4.0?
(% of GDP)
Solutions:
Part 3: Infant Mortality Rates vs. Total Health Expenditure (% of
GDP) in the World's Most Undeveloped Countries
Hypothesis Under Study:
➔ I predict that for the 15 most undeveloped countries in the world, there will
be a direct relationship between Infant Mortality Rates (per 1,000 births)
and Health Care Expenditure (%GDP). I feel that the Infant Mortality
Rates will be dependent on the Health Care Expenditure within the specific
country.
➔ There may be extraneous variables that can
affect or skew the relationship between the
two variables.
Sampling Technique Used:
★ In obtaining and analyzing the data
found within the two variables of
Infant Mortality rates (per 1,000
births) and Health Care
Expenditure (%GDP) it was found
that cluster random sampling was
the best sampling technique for this
study. I chose this sampling
technique because of the multi-step
process needed to be completed to
target a specific sample.
Infant Mortality Rates (Per 1,000 Births) in
the Year 2012
Frequency Table for Infant Mortality Rates
(Per 1,000 Births)
# Of Deaths Per 1,000 Births
Midpoint (X)
Frequency (f)
fx
(X-X)
f(X-X)
(X-X)2
f(X-X)2
X-X/s
0.0-10.0
5
1
5
-24
-24
576
576
-1.163354338
10.0-20.0
15
6
90
-14
-84
196
1176
-4.071740184
20.0-30.0
25
2
50
-4
-8
16
32
-0.387784779
30.0-40.0
35
3
105
6
18
36
108
0.872515754
40.0-50.0
45
1
45
16
16
256
256
0.775569559
50.0-60.0
55
1
55
26
26
676
676
1.260300533
60.0-70.0
65
0
0
36
0
1296
0
0
70.0-80.0
75
0
0
46
0
2116
0
0
80.0-90.0
85
1
85
56
56
3136
3136
2.714493456
405
15
435
376
0
8304
5960
0
Total
Infant Mortality Rates (Per 1,000 Births) in
2012: Raw Data
➢ This bar graph shows
the
data for the infant mortality
rates (per 1,000 births) in 15
of the world most
undeveloped countries
(2012).
➢ There does not appear
to
be any pattern that remains
throughout the data in each
country.
Infant Mortality Rates (Per 1,000 Births) in
2012: Frequency Graph (Histogram)
➢ This graph displays
the relationship between
the Number of Infant
Mortalities (per 1,000
births) and the Frequency
of these intervals
appearing within the study
➢ It does not appear to
have any specific trend
relevant to the data
displayed.
Infant Mortality Rates (Per 1,000 Births) in
2012: Relative Frequency Graph
➢ This graph displays
the relationship between
Number of Infant
Mortalities (per 1,000
births) and Relative
Frequencies in the 15
most undeveloped
countries
➢ This graph does not
appear to have an
accurate trend within the
information given.
Infant Mortality Rates (Per 1,000 Births) in
2012: Cumulative Frequency Graph
➢ This graph
represents the
relationship between the
Number of Infant
Mortalities (per 1,000
births) and Cumulative
Frequencies.
➢ The representation
shows that there is an
increasing trend in the
data displayed on the
graph.
Infant Mortality Rates (Per 1,000 Births) in
2012: Box and Whisker Plot
➢ Lowest
Datum = 7
➢ Highest
Datum =
80.0
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in the
Year 2012
Frequency Table for Health Care Expenditure
(%GDP)
Health care Expenditure (% of GDP)
Midpoint (x)
Frequency (f)
fx
(X-X)
f(X-X)
(X-X)2
f(X-X)2
X-X/s
0.0-3.0
2.5
0
0
-5.6
0
31.36
0
0
3.0-6.0
4.5
7
31.5
-3.6
-25.2
12.96
90.72
5.70007
6.0-9.0
7.5
3
22.5
-0.6
-1.8
0.36
1.08
0.40715
9.0-12.0
10.5
2
21
2.4
4.8
5.76
11.52
1.08572
7
12.0-15.0
13.5
1
13.5
5.4
5.4
29.16
29.16
1.22144
3
15.0-18.0
16.5
2
33
8.4
16.8
70.56
141.12
3.80004
5
55
15
121.5
6.4
0
150.16
273.6
0
Total
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Raw data
➢ This graph displays
the raw data relationship
between Health Care
Expenditure (%GDP) and
the 15 most undeveloped
countries in the world.
➢ There appears to be
a slight decrease as the
countries move from left
to right. However, it is
not a significant trend to
consider.
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Frequency Graph (Histogram)
➢ This graph displays
the relationship between
Health Care Expenditure
(%GDP) and the
Frequencies of each
interval within the study.
➢ There is slight
trend
of decreasing
frequencies throughout
the 15 countries under
study in this
representation.
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Relative Frequency Graph
➢ This graph
represents
the relationship between
Health Care Expenditure
(%GDP) and the Relative
Frequencies of the 15
most undeveloped
countries.
➢ There does not
appear to be any notable
or accurate trend within
the data displayed in this
graphic.
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Cumulative Frequency Graph
➢ This graph
represents the
relationship between
Health Care Expenditure
(%GDP) and the
Cumulative Frequencies
within the 15 countries
under study.
➢ The trend in the
data is that Cumulative
Frequency is increasing
as the Health Care
Expenditure Rate
increases.
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Box and Whiskers Plot
➢ Lowest Datum =
3.6
➢ Highest Datum =
15.6
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Linear Regression
➢ This graph
represents the linear
regression relationship
existing between Infant
Mortality Rates (per 1,000
births) and Health Care
Expenditure (%GDP) in the
15 most undeveloped
countries.
➢ The linear
relationship between the
specific variable is not a
strong correlation and may
not be concise enough to
draw the conclusion that
there is in fact a relationship.
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Non-Linear Regression
➢ This graph represents
the non-linear relationship
that exists between the
Infant Mortality Rates (per
1,000 births) and Health
Care Expenditure (%GDP)
in the 15 most undeveloped
countries in the world.
➢ This model suggests
that the Polynomial 6
relationship between the
variables is a moderate to
strong correlation given the
model shown above on the
graphic.
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Probability and Counting Theory
❖ Question: The infant mortality rates in the 15 most undeveloped countries
in 2012 were distributed normally with a mean of about 29 and a standard
deviation of 20.63. Use the Normal distribution method to determine the
probability of a country having an infant mortality that is between 15 and
25.
Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) in 2012:
Solution
Conclusions:
Through analyzing the data that pertains to each hypothesis that we predicted for the data
in the Worlds Undeveloped, Middle and Wealthiest Countries we came to the following
conclusions found through the comparison of the data collected and analyzed between the
two variables of Infant Mortality Rates (per 1,000 births) and Health Care Expenditure
(%GDP);
~In the World’s Wealthiest Counties the hypothesis proved that there was a direct link
between the two variables for some of the Countries. However this did not hold true for all
of them, but in general a strong correlation between the two.
~In the World's Middle Class Countries between the two variables there was a slight but not
significant relationship to one another; coinciding what was stated in the hypothesis.
~In the Worlds Undeveloped Countries it was found through analyzing the two variables of
Infant Mortality Rates (per 1,000 births) and Health Care Expenditure (%GDP) there was a
minimal relationship with one another.
Bibliography:
http://www.childinfo.org/mortality_imrcountrydata.php
http://www.gapminder.org/data/
http://www.worldbank.org/en/country
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS/countries