Transcript 1)List and briefly describe the three

1)List and briefly describe the three project quality management
processes.
Quality Planning: Identify which quality standards are relevant to
project & how to satisfy.
Quality Assurance: periodically evaluate overall project
performance to ensure it will satisfy quality standards.
Quality Control: monitoring project results to ensure they comply
with standards & Identify ways to improve overall quality.
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2) What are the three main outcomes of quality
control? Briefly describe each.
Acceptance Decisions: determine if products or
services produced as part of project will be
accepted or rejected.
Rework: is action taken to bring rejected items into
compliance with product requirements.
Process Adjustments: correct or prevent further
quality problems based on quality control
measurements.
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3) What are the five phases in the DMAIC process? Briefly
describe each one.
Define: define the problem/opportunity, process, & customer
requirements.
Measure: Define measures, then collect, compile, & display
data.
Analyze: Scrutinize process details to find improvement
opportunities.
Improve: Generate solutions & ideas for improving the
problem.
Control: Track & verify the stability of the improvements &
predictability of the solution.
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4) Describe the relationship between Six
Sigma and Statistics. What statistical
concepts are involved in the Six Sigma
philosophy?
The term sigma means standard
deviation, which measures how much
variation exists in a distribution of data.
Standard and normal distribution
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5) What are the five major cost categories related to quality?
Briefly describe each category.
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Prevention cost: cost of planning & executing a project so it is
error free or in acceptable error range.
Appraisal cost: cost of evaluating processes & their outputs to
ensure that a project is error free or within acceptable error range.
Internal Failure Cost: A cost incurred to correct an identified
defect before the customer receives the product.
External Failure Cost: A cost that relates to all errors not detected
& not corrected before delivery to customer.
Measurement & Test Equipment Costs: The capital cost of
equipment used to perform prevention & appraisal activities.
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6) List and briefly describe the four processes involved in
Human resource management.
Human Resource Planning: Involves identifying &
documenting project roles, responsibilities, & reporting
relationships.
Acquiring the Project Team: involves getting the needed
personnel assigned to & working on the project.
Developing the Project Team: Involves building individual
& group skills to enhance project performance.
Managing the Project Team: Involves tracking team
member performance, motivating team members, providing
feedback, resolving issues & conflicts, & coordinating
changes to enhance project performance
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7) Describe Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
How does it relate to information technology projects?
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs states that people’s behaviors
are guided or motivated by a sequence of needs.
Bottom 4 needs – physiological, safety, social, & esteem
– are deficiency needs & self-actualization is a growth
need.
Most people working on an IT project will probably have
their basic physiological & safety needs met.
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8) What are the five main types of power? Briefly describe
each type.
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Coercive: involves using punishment, threats, or other
negative approaches to get people to do things they don’t
want to do.
Legitimate: getting people to do things based on a position
of authority.
Expert: involves using personal knowledge & expertise to
get people to change their behavior.
Reward: using incentives to induce people to do things.
Referent: based on an individual’s personal charisma.
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9) What is a staff management plan?
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Describes when & how people will be
added to & taken off the project team.
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10) What are the five stages of the Tuckman model?
Briefly describe each stage.
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Forming: involves introduction of team members.
Storming: team members have different opinions as to how
team should operate.
Norming: achieved when team members have developed a
common working method, & cooperation & collaboration
replace the conflict of previous stage.
Performing: when emphasis is on reaching team goals,
rather than team processes..
Adjourning: the breakup of the team after they complete the
work.
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11) What are four main processes in project
communications management? Briefly describe each
process.
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Communications Planning: determining the information &
communications needs of the stakeholders.
Information Distribution: making needed information
available to project stakeholders in a timely manner.
Performance Reporting: collecting & disseminating
performance information.
Managing Stakeholders: managing communications to
satisfy the needs & expectations of stakeholders & to
resolve issues.
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12) Describe the concepts of informal methods for
distributing information. How do they compare to
formal methods for distributing information?
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13) How do you determine the number of
communications channels? How does the number of
people involved in a project affect this value? How can
project managers control this value?
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The number of communications channels can be
calculated as:
Number of communications channels=n(n-1)/2
where n is the number of people involved.
The more people the more channels.
Project managers should try to limit the size of teams to
avoid making communications too complex.
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14) What is performance reporting? What are some
methods used for performance reporting?
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Performance Reporting: keeps stakeholders informed
about how resources are being used to achieve project
objectives.
Status Reports: describe where the project stands at a
specific point in time.
Progress Reports: Describe what the project team has
accomplished during a certain period.
Forecasts: predict future project status & progress based on
past information & trends.
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15) List and briefly describe Blake and Mouton's five basic
modes for handling conflicts. Which mode(s) are most commonly
used by project managers?
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Confrontation: Directly face a conflict using a problem solving
approach.
Compromise: use a give & take approach to resolving conflicts.
Smoothing: de-emphasize or avoid areas of differences &
emphasizes areas of agreement.
Forcing: can be viewed as the win-lose approach to conflict
resolution.
Withdrawal: retreat or withdraw from an actual or potential
conflict.
Confrontation is most commonly used by PM’s.
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16) List and briefly describe the six major processes involved in risk
management.
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Risk Management Planning: deciding how to approach & plan risk
management activities for project.
Risk Identification: determine which risks are likely to affect a project &
document characteristics of each.
Qualitative Risk Analysis: prioritize risks based on their probability &
impact.
Quantitative Risk Analysis: numerically estimate the effects of risks on
project objectives.
Risk Response Planning: taking steps to enhance opportunities &
reduce threats to meeting project objectives.
Risk Monitoring & Control: monitor identified & residual risks, identify
new risks, carry out risk response plans, & evaluate effectiveness of risk
strategies for the life of the project.
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• 17) List and describe four methods for identifying risks
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18) Describe Decision Trees and Expected
Monetary Value.
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Decision Tree: a diagramming analysis technique
used to help select the best course of action when
future outcomes are uncertain.
Expected Monetary Value: is the product of a risk
event probability & the risk event’s monetary value.
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19) What are the basic steps in performing a Monte Carlo
analysis?
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Monte Carlo analysis basic steps:
Access range of variables being considered.
Determine the probability distribution of each variable.
For each variable select a random value based on the
probability distribution for the occurrence of the variable.
Run a deterministic analysis or one pass through the
model using the combination of values selected for each
variable.
Repeat steps 3 & 4 many times to obtain the probability
distribution of the model’s results.
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20) What are the four basic response strategies
for negative risks? Describe each strategy.
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Risk Avoidance: eliminating a specific threat.
Risk Acceptance: Accepting the consequences
should a risk occur.
Risk Transference: shifting the consequence of a
risk & responsibility for its management to a 3rd
party.
Risk Mitigation: reducing the impact of a risk
event by reducing the probability of its occurrence.
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