Transcript MCOM 101 A - WordPress.com

MCOM 101 A
Summer 2016
Day 01
PURPOSES AND NEEDS OF COMMUNICATION
Survival
Cooperation and Co-Exist
Personal Needs
Relationships
Persuasion
Power
Social Needs
Making Sense of the world
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Intra-Communication: Communication occurs in mind, like thoughts, involves
only one subject
Inter-personal communication: One-to-one Communication, involves two subjects
Group Communication: Involves group of individuals for example meeting,
seminar, conference
Mass Communication: Communication of message to mass audience through
media (TV, Newspaper, Radio..)
SCHOOLS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Semiotic School:
Study of signs
How signs generate meaning and their significance in different
cultures
The semiotic tradition explores the study of signs and symbols as
a significant part of communications.
2. Process School
 Focuses on the process of communication
 How message travels reaches audience through a certain channel
 S-M-C-R (Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver)
POWER OF SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Physical Barriers of Communication:
 Technology/Device related barriers
 Noise
 Distortion
 Weak Signals/Reception
Non-Physical Barriers of Communication:
 Difference of Language
 Difference in Lexical Preferences
 Difference in Communication Context
 Difference in Feelings and Emotions
 Interpretation of Body Language
 Negative Biases, Prejudices and Stereotypes about other Cultures
 Xenophobia: Dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries
EMERGENCE OF MASS COMMUNICATION
14th Century- Printing Press: China established first ever printing machine
16th Century- Production, Printing and Circulation of magazines, periodicals
and publications
17th Century-Germany published first ever newspaper “Starsbourgh
Relation”
19th Century-Advent of motion picture and Cinema
20th Century-Invention of Radio
 1910- First ever public broadcast
 1934-Invention of FM technology
EVOLUTION OF TELEVISION
Late 19th and 20th Century
Mechanical Television: Mechanical Scanning of Images
Electronic Television: Using Video signals to form a picture
Invention of Color/Monochrome TV
Digital Television: Digitally processes and Multiplexed Images
Smart Television: TV with set-top box integrated with Web 2.0
features
EMERGENCE OF INTERNET
Emergence of Internet
Age of Convergence
Breakthrough in content distributions
Impact on audience
Key Features
 Online Newspapers & Interactive News Blogs
 Social Media
 Web TV & Online Streaming
 Audio-Visual gateway: Vimeo, YouTube, Daily Motion, Sound Cloud
 Netflix Model: Movie Distribution and Production
NEWSPAPER TERMINOLOGY
Major Section of Newspaper
 Advertising Section: Contains Classified ads/ Other paid announcements
 Editorial Section/Op-Ed: Contains Editorial, Letters to the Editor, Editorial
Cartoon, Columns and articles
 News Section: News information about latest developments, national and
international news..
Beat: A group of news sources assigned to a reporter for regular coverage for
example Health, Court, Crime, Politics, Culture..
Byline: Name of the writer mentioned in a news story
Blurb Short description of an article or subject.
EXAMPLE BYLINE
Caption: Description of the image/text accompanied the picture in a newspaper
Center Spread The two facing pages at the exact center of a magazine.
Circulation: Number of publication of newspaper or magazine
News Correspondent: Representative of a newspaper at zone or district level
Editor: Editor is the head of newspaper’s editorial section
Editorial: Appears on editorial page, opinion of the editor about different issues
Editorial Note & Sub Editorial: Appears under lead editorial, opinion of the editor
regarding other important issue.
Masthead: Title of the Newspaper appears at the top of the page
EXAMPLE MASTHEAD
Jump line: If a new story is to be continued on another page, Jump line gives the
information about the location of the news story on the other page for example,
continued on page 11
Lead Story: Main news story on the front page, It can consist of six to eight columns
Layout: An outline of the arrangement of news information and pictures on the pages
of newspapers.
Resident Editor: The person in-charge of regional publication of a newspaper or a
magazine.
Source: Source of obtaining news information for example correspondent,
representative, staff reporter or a news agency.
Sub-Editor: Responsible for editing the news items, checks for language, length and
overall structure.
Syndicate: The agency, which provides news, features, articles.
News Agency: Agency that provides news information
NEWS SOURCES
Newspaper Internal Sources:
News Correspondents
News Reporters
News Representatives
News Bureaus
Beat: Group of sources concerning certain category for
example Health, Crime, Education, Human Rights etc
Newspaper External Sources:
National News Agencies
APP: Associated Press of Pakistan
PPI: Pakistan Press International
International News Agencies
AFP: Agence France-Presse
Reuters: British News Agency
UPI: United Press International, USA
AP: Associated Press, USA
PTI: Press Trust India
AAP: Australian Associated Press
NEWS PRODUCTION PROCESS
News Production
Step 1: News gathering from different sources
Step 2: Filing News Stories/News Writing
Step 3: Sub Editing: Checking structure and language of news
story by
Step 4: Policy Check and approval for copy
Step 5: Layout and Designing
News Circulation/Distribution: Printed copies are distributed to
the designated distributors for further circulation to the audience
News Reception: Readership of Newspapers
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A
NEWSPAPER
Editorial Section
 News & Reporting Section
 Chief Reporter
 News Reporters
 Chief News Editor
 Senior Sub Editors and Sub Editors
 News Desks: Deals with different sections of Newspaper for example
Foreign Desk, Local Desk, Sports Desk, Commerce Desk, Main Desk,
Sports Desk
 Op-Ed Section
 Deals with editorial page content including editorial, columns, articles,
letters to the editors
Administration Section: Deals with the overall
management of the newspaper, all matters concerning
administration of newspaper. Usually managed by
General Manager and Managing Editor.
Marketing Section: Deals with marketing and advertising
affairs of newspaper.
Printing Section: Deals with designing, layout and printing
of the newspapers.
Circulation Section: Deals with the circulation and
distribution of the newspaper.
NEWS VALUES
Consequence Driven
Closeness to home (Proximity)
Rec
ency
Currency
Bad news - involving death, tragedy, bankruptcy,
violence, damage, natural disasters, political
upheaval or simply extreme weather conditions - is
always rated above 'positive' stories (royal weddings,
celebrations etc)
Audiences supposedly relate more to stories that are
close to them geographically, or involve people from
their country
Newspapers are very competitive about breaking news about revealing stories as they happen.
This is almost opposite to recency, in that stories that
have been in the public eye for some time already are
deemed valuable.
Uniqueness
'Dog Bites Man' is not a story. 'Man Bites Dog' is.
Any story which covers a unique or unusual
event.
Personality
Stories that center around a particular person,
because they can be presented from a 'human
interest' angle, are beloved of newspapers,
particularly if they involve a well-known person.
NEWS VALUES-EXAMPLES
Determine the value of news story “Schoolboy dies
after trying to take 'extreme selfie' on ninth-floor
rooftop” (Daily Mirror)
a) Proximity b) Personality c) Uniqueness d) Timeliness
e) Exclusivity
NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 2
Determine the value of news story “Brave Icon Malala
Yousafzai Shows She's Still Just a Teenage Girl with
Sibling Rivalries and Too Much Homework” (People’s
Magazine).
a) Proximity b) Consequence c) Personality d) Timeliness
NEWS VALUESDetermine the value of news story “Syrian refugees
eager to build new lives in metro Detroit”
a) Proximity b) Currency c) Uniqueness d) Timeliness
NEWS VALUES
Powerful earthquake leaves at least 8 dead, 100 injured
in India
a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Timeliness
NEWS VALUES
Day-care center opened at FC College
a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Timeliness
NEWS VALUESPakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Central Joint Secretary Alamgir
Khan who launched a campaign against the ‘Sleeping Beauties‘
in Karachi; his idea of solving the problems of the people
through art worked to a great extent.
a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Uniqueness
NEWS VALUES
Low gas pressure is forcing us to buy bread from bakeries'
Citizens take to Rawalpindi streets amidst low gas pressure
at home
NEWS WRITING &
EDITING
MCOM 101 A
Winter 2016
INTRODUCTION TO NEWS
WRITING
Components of a print story:
1. Headline (s)
2. Byline or Source
3. Location
4. Introduction
5. Body Copy
6. Conclusion
7. Supporting Image (s) and Caption
WRITING NEWS
INTRODUCTION
5 Ws & 1 H
What
When
Why
Who
Where
How
BODY COPY & CONCLUSION
Body Copy: Additional Details, Statements & Counter
Statements, Supporting Facts/Arguments
Conclusion:
LANGUAGE RULES OF
HEADLINES
1. Use of Present Tense
Examples:
-Army stresses `zero tolerance` for terrorist groups
-Fears of more strife as Iraq in middle of regional row
-US foresees Assad staying till March `17
2. LEAVE OUT AUXILIARY
VERBS
Cut down on Helping Verbs
-New policy decided by Parliament (Correct Format)
(New policy has been decided by Parliament)
-Lion escapes zoo – ten killed (Correct Format)
(ten people have been killed / were killed)
-Four stranded in sudden flood (Correct Format)
(four people have been stranded / were stranded)
3. USE INFINITIVES FOR FUTURE
EVENTS
-Parliament to decide new policy tomorrow (correct)
(Parliament will decide new policy tomorrow)
-President to visit France for further talks
(President will visit France for further talks)
4. LEAVE OUT ARTICLES (A, AN,
THE)
Prime Minister hikes Alps for charity (correct)
(The Prime Minister hiked the Alps)
Man releases rabid dog in park (correct)
(A man released a rabid dog in a park)
5.REPORTED SPEECH
-Minister: Law Maker should review policy (Correct)
(Federal Minister argued that law makers should review the policy)
6. REPLACE CONJUNCTIONS
WITH PUNCTUATION
-Commas, colons, semi-colons, hyphens and so on can
replace all conjunctions, or some joining verbs, to join
clauses.
-Police arrest serial killer – close case on abductions
Police arrested serial killer and close the case on
abductions
-Fire in bakery: hundreds dead
Fire in bakery and hundreds are dead
7. USE DIGITS FOR FIGURES
Nine Dead
9 Dead (correct)
QUIZ 1:
Government did stress the polio free Pakistan
QUIZ 2
Private School has been revising the fee polices
QUIZ 3
Pakistan students will visit far eastern
countries next month
QUIZ 4
A company has promised to launch initiatives for social
justice
QUIZ 5
Skipper said he will prepare the best for world cup
QUIZ 6
25 have been killed in attack in Peshawar and 65 are
found injured
EDITING (COPY EDITING/SUB EDITING)
- A Sub Editor proofreads and edits the content
-Improves the overall language and structure of news
story
-Looks for language, grammar and punctuation errors
-Suggest and finalizes the headlines.