Transcript EuropIntercultCommmunication

EUROPEAN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION –
Means of Raising European Citizenship Awareness
Assoc. Prof. PhD. CHRISTINA BARBU
Project Manager
KEY CONCEPTS:
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4.
CITIZENSHIP
CITIZENSHIP vs. NATIONALITY
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
GLOBALIZATION vs.
GLOCALIZATION
5. EUROPEANIZATION
6. ETHICS OF EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP
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1. CITIZENSHIP
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WHAT IS CITIZENSHIP
IN YOUR OWN WORDS?
???
CITIZENSHIP
– THE CENTRAL CONCEPT
OF YBRECA PROJECT
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Professor Bryan S Turner
CITIZENSHIP: Critical Concepts in Sociology
CITIZENSHIP is a crossroads concept in social sciences:
- juridicial science (the states’ rights and obligations)
- political philosophy
- culture and communication
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Professor Bryan S Turner
CITIZENSHIP brings up questions relating to
FREEDOM, EQUALITY, RIGHTS.
CITIZENSHIP defines people’s expectations
relating to SOCIAL CONTRACT.
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Professor Bryan S Turner
• Bryan S Turner (British and Australian sociologist)
outlines the HISTORY OF CITIZENSHIP and traces its
application in various debates within the social sciences
Major works:
• Turner B.,”Rights and Virtues. Political Essays on Citizenship and
Social Justice”. Oxford: Bardwell Press (2008)
• Turner B., The Routledge International Handbook of Globalization
Studies. London: Routledge(2009)
• Turner B., H. Khondker, Globalization East and West, SAGE:
London (2010)
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• There is a General View that:
in ANCIENT TIMES
CITIZENSHIP embodied a SIMPLER RELATION than
the MODERN FORMS,
(although this view has been challenged).
• Disagreement: when the concept of citizenship began:
- Many thinkers point to the early city-states of
ANCIENT GREECE-possibly as a reaction to the fear of slavery.
- Others call it a MODERN phenomenon - dating back
only a few hundred years.
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- Roman times: citizenship becomes more a
relationship based on law (less political than in ancient Greece),
still a wider concept (of who was considered a ”citizen”).
- Middle Ages in Europe: citizenship was identified with
commercial life in the growing cities;
considered ”membership in emerging nation-states”.
- Modern democracies: citizenship - contrasting concept:
- liberal-individualist view (needs, entitlements,
legal protections)
- civic-republican view (political participation,
active relation with specific privileges and obligations).
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Throughout history
• CITIZENSHIP has been connected with:
- an ideal status,
- freedom,
- legal aspects (including rights)
- has excluded non-citizens
from basic rights and privileges
More on:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_citizenship
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Jürgen HABERMAS
• One of the world's most outstanding sociologists and
philosophers (German)
• Considerable influence on the EU with his views on
- CITIZENSHIP in general
- how UNION CITIZENSHIP AND EUROPEAN IDENTITY
could be established beyond the boundaries of EU States.
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Jürgen HABERMAS
• Conservatively: citizenship
- a national phenomenon
- an institution or set of rights situated within the
community of the nation state.
• In the last two decades:
- citizenship progressively turns to non-national forms
More on:
Nurullah TEKİN ”The Assessment of Habermas’ Concept of Citizenship in the Context
of the European Union”
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Jürgen HABERMAS
Major works:
• The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962)
• Communication and the Evolution of Society (1976)
• Citizenship and national identity: some reflections on the future of
Europe (1994)
• J. Habermas, The Future of Human Nature (2003)
• Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe (2005)
• Europe. The Faltering Project (2009)
• The Crisis of the European Union (2012)
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William K. Dustin
Toward an Ethic of Citizenship:
Creating a Culture of Democracy for the 21st Century
Contents:
• The meaning of CITIZENSHIP
• The 3 R’s of Representation
- Political Representation
- Representation of Citizenship Frontier
- Legislative Representation
• Education for CITIZENSHIP
• Praxis
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Peter Riesenberg
Citizenship in the Western Tradition: Plato to Rousseau
Divides the history of CITIZENSHIP into 2 ERAS
(before and after the French Revolution):
• ERA 1: From Ancient Greek Times till the French Revolution
(”gaining civic virtue by active participation in governing”)
• ERA 2: From the French Revolution to Modern Times
(”civic virtue drained out of citizenship”)
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References about CITIZENSHIP:
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Bryan S Turner
Jürgen HABERMAS
William K. Dustin
Peter Riesenberg
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2. CITIZENSHIP
vs.
NATIONALITY
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CITIZENSHIP and NATIONALITY
are often related, but distinct concepts with different meanings.
CITIZENSHIP = a formal (legal) status in a political
institution (city/state)
Modern times: it includes a set of rights and a set of
duties.
NATIONALITY = informal membership or identification
with a particular nation/social category (not synonym for
country/state).
Social categories: characterised by at least a common language,
culture and territory (sometimes common religious faith or ancestry).
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3. INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
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INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
= communication between individuals /groups of
different linguistic and cultural origins.
= complex process (not just an encounter)
?
?
Ancient times: INTERCULTURALITY - mainly when the
EXPANSION OF AN EMPIRE favoured the contact of
several peoples / mentalities / cultures.
Modern times: MORE FREQUENT INTERCULTURALITYtravels, global policy of intercultural exchanges
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"Any culture is born in mixing, in interaction, in
confrontation. Conversely, it is in isolation that
civilization dies." (Octavio Paz)
Intercultural communication is no longer an OPTION,
but a NECESSITY.
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INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
DECISION
Today, IMPORTANT DECISIONS in
business, politics, education, health, and culture
usually effect citizens of MORE THAN ONE NATION.
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INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE of another culture can lead to
embarrassing or amusing MISTAKES in communication.
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INTERCULTURALITY enables:
• EXPERIMENTATION of new forms
(of government, education, production...)
• DIVERSITY
(new points of view, cross-culture activities...)
• Development of JOINT POLICIES
(no customs, unique currency –euro, European Parliament for legal
decisions, trade agreements...)
• Preservation of NATIONAL VALUES
circumscribed to the European context
• .........
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INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT within the
EUROPEAN UNION CONTEXT
warning
!!!
Any EU communication act,
which is NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH the
individual’s/group’s culture
can lead to a change of attitude towards EU.
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4. GLOBALISATION
vs.
GLOCALIZATION
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GLOBALIZATION + LOCALIZATION
=
GLOCALIZATION
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Example of Glocalization
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MEANINGS for GLOBALIZATION:
GLOBALIZATION
EUROPEANIZATION
INTERNATIONALIZATION
UNIVERSALIZATION
CROSS-CULTURALIZATION
MONDIALIZATION
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J.J. Arnett (psychologist) believes that now most people in the
world develop a BICULTURAL IDENTITY, in which:
- part of their identity is rooted
in their local culture while
- another part is aware of their relation
to the global culture.
J.J. Arnett: The Psychology of Globalization (2002)
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• GLOBALIZATION
= The worldwide movement toward economic, financial,
trade, and communications INTEGRATION.
- propagates intercultural communication /integration
- enables multicultural and transcultural approach
- generates cultural richness and diversity
- interdependence
- ! threat to other national cultures !
- ex.: Englishization is a means of globalization process
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• GLOCALIZATION (1980)
= co-presence of both UNIVERSALIZING and
PARTICULARIZING tendencies.
- promotes the richness of cultural diversity
- preserves local identities
In business:
- the adaptation of international products around the
particularities of a local culture in which they are sold
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5. EUROPEANIZATION
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CITIZENSHIP of the EUROPEAN UNION
EU TREATY:
”Every person holding the nationality of a member state
shall be a CITIZEN OF THE UNION.
Citizenship of the Union shall be
additional to and not replace NATIONAL CITIZENSHIP”.
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• EU legislation - available in all 23 official
languages
• Schengen Agreement - sense of belonging to
a single, unified geographical area
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• EURO (since 2002) - more than 2/3 Europeans
• Involvement in EU decision-making. Every adult EU
citizen has the right to vote in European Parliament
elections
• EU was set up to serve the peoples of Europe,
and its future must be shaped by the active
involvement of people from all walks of life.
• EU’s founding fathers: ”We are not bringing together
states, we are uniting people”
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EUROPEANIZATION
= The process in which a non-European subject
adopts a number of European features (Westernization).
• EU policy <-> NATIONAL policy
EU political and economic dynamics become
part of the organisational logic of NATIONAL
politics and economics.
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6. ETHICS of
EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP
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Members of EU
”CULTURAL AMBASSADORS”
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EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP:
OPPORTUNITIES and DUTIES
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EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP
6 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS:
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Dignity
Freedoms
Equality
Solidarity
Citizens’ rights
Justice
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1. DIGNITY
• Human dignity.
• Right to life.
• Right to the integrity of the person.
• Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
• Prohibition of slavery and forced labour.
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2. FREEDOMS
• Right to liberty and security.
• Respect for private and family life.
• Protection of personal data.
• Right to marry and right to found a family.
• Freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
• Freedom of expression and information.
• Freedom of assembly and of association.
• Freedom of the arts and sciences.
• Right to education.
• Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work.
• Freedom to conduct a business.
• Right to property.
• Right to asylum.
• Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradiction.
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3. EQUALITY
• Equality before the law.
• Non-discrimination.
• Cultural, religious and linguistic diversity.
• Equality between men and women.
• The rights of the child.
• The rights of the elderly.
• Integration of persons with disabilities.
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4. SOLIDARITY
• Workers' right to information and consultation within the
undertaking.
• Right of collective bargaining and action.
• Right of access to placement services.
• Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal.
• Fair and just working conditions.
• Prohibition of child labour and protection of young people at work.
• Family and professional life.
• Social security and social assistance.
• Health care.
• Access to services of general economic interest.
• Environmental protection.
• Consumer protection.
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5. CITIZENS' RIGHTS
• Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the
European Parliament.
• Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections.
• Right to good administration.
• Right of access to documents.
• Ombudsman.
• Right to petition.
• Freedom of movement and of residence.
• Diplomatic and consular protection.
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6. JUSTICE
• Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial.
• Presumption of innocence and right of defence.
• Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and
penalties.
• Right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings for
the same criminal offence.
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EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP
RIGHTS
 Travel
 Education
 Health care
 Live and Work
 Vote
 Put forward legislative proposals
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EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP
DUTIES
 implement the principle of EQUAL TREATMENT
irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief,
disability, age or sexual orientation
 provide EQUAL ACCESS to employment, selection
criteria and recruitment conditions, vocational
guidance and training
 ensure job classification systems to determine
PAY ON THE SAME CRITERIA regardless of racial
or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or
sexual orientation
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EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP
AWARENESS
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???
???
Write on a piece of paper one of the answers that suits you best:
• OFTEN
• SOMETIMES
• NEVER
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