Transcript Students with Learning Disabilities

Students with Learning
Disabilities
Written Communication:
Handwriting, Spelling, and Written
Expression
Handwriting Problems
• Instruction in handwriting improves
written expression skills
• There are many handwriting problems
including slowness, too much or too
little slant, and mirror handwriting
Assessment of Handwriting
Skills
• Few standardized tests to measure
handwriting
• Informal Assessment Techniques
– Close visual examination of student’s
handwriting noting problem areas or error
patterns
Teaching Handwriting Skills
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Readiness Skills
Manuscript Writing
Transitional Writing
Cursive Writing
Development of Spelling Skills
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Precommunicative spelling
Semiphonetic Spelling
Phonetic Spelling
Transitional Spelling
Correct Spelling
Assessment of Spelling Skills
• Standardized and Criterion-Referenced
Tests
• Informal Assessment Techniques
– Dictated spelling test
– Informal spelling inventory
– Curriculum-based measurement
– Spelling error analysis
– Cloze procedure
– Probes
Teaching Spelling Skills
• Rule-Based Instruction
• Multisensory Approach
• Test-Study-Test Technique
– Study strategies
• Fixed and Flow Word Lists
• Additional Considerations
Written Expression Skills
• One of highest forms of communication
• Typically not acquired until person has
extensive experience with reading,
spelling, and verbal expression
• Problems may not be diagnosed until
upper elementary years
Assessment of Written
Expression Skills
• Standardized and Criterion-Referenced
Tests
• Informal Assessment Techniques
– Fluency
– Syntax
– Vocabulary
– Structure
– Content
– Profile of Component
Assessment of Written
Expression Skills continued
– Curriculum-based measurement
– Portfolio assessment
Teaching Written Expression
Skills
• Creative and functional writing
• Shift from product of writing to the
process involved in creating that
product
• Three basic steps:
– Planning, writing, and revising
• Teacher should promote a positive
attitude to motivate student to write
Written Expression Strategies
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COPS
TOWER
HOW