Transcript Crew Resource Management Refresher 1997

Crew Resource
Management
LT Andre Towner
U.S. Coast Guard
Crew Resource Management
The application of personal
& team management concepts
in the flight environment.
BACKGROUND

1979 NASA Workshop revealed human
error link in majority of accidents
 1981 United Airlines initiated the first
comprehensive CRM Program
 Other airlines and military soon followed
 No formalized General Aviation CRM
Programs
Principles of CRM
 Situational Awareness
 Communications
 Assertive Behavior
 Risk Assessment & Risk Management
CRM Principle - S.A.
 Situational Awareness…?
…is the realistic understanding of all
factors which affect the safety and
effectiveness of your aircraft.
CRM Principle - S.A.
What has
happened
SA
What’s
happening
What
might
happen
CRM Principle - S.A.
 Situational Awareness
- Why?
NASA/FAA data shows that SA loss is the
cause of over 80% of all aircraft accidents.
CRM Principle - S.A.
What are the “Loss of S.A.” flags?
Not Communicating
Failure to meet targets
Deviating from Standards
Violating Minimums
Ambiguity
Confusion
Not addressing discrep’s
Preoccupation
CRM Principle - S.A.
What do you do when you suspect you
have lost S.A.?
React


Regain
Reconstruct
CRM Principle - Communication
 Elements
of Communication Skills
The most obvious of the CRM principles.
And, the easiest to affect through
training.
“Say what you mean, mean what you say.”
CRM Principle - Communication
 Apply
the A-B-C’s of communication
Accurate


Bold
Concise
CRM Principle - Communication
NASA Communication Model
55%
38%
Tone
Body Language
7%
Verbal
CRM Principle - Communication
AVIATION SPECIFIC PROBLEMS
* Body Language Limitations
- 55%
* Tone Limitations
- 19%
* Verbal
0%
19%
7%
Aviation Effectiveness
=
26%
CRM Principle - Communication
How Do We Overcome these Communication Limitations
in the Aircraft?
Verbal Becomes PRIMARY Mode of Communications.
Tone
19%
Verbal
81%
CRM Principle - Communication
HOW?

Standard Procedures

Standard Phraseology

Check List Use
CRM Principle - Assertiveness
Elements of Assertive Behavior
Authority with Participation. Assertiveness
with Respect
The genuine, complete & direct
communication of ideas, wants & needs.
CRM Principle - Assertiveness
 The Assertive

Statement
Open-up; get their attention
State concern as “owned emotion”
State the problem - real or perceived
Offer a solution
Obtain agreement/closure
CRM Principle - Risk
Risk Management
RISK is a factor of:
Probability
Severity
Exposure
Risk Management
Risk Management rules:

Integrate Risk Management throughout;
Planning, Enroute & Approach
 Accept no unnecessary risk
 Make risk decisions at the correct time
ROADBLOCKS

CHAIN OF ERRORS: Often the key is to
recognize the chain developing-then a
crewmember can act to change the
situation.

BREAK THE CHAIN
ROADBLOCKS

HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES: Attitudes
that impede effective CRM.
– Macho - “I can do it.”
– Anti-Authority - “Don’t tell me.”
– Impulsivity - “Do something -quickly!”
– Resignation - “What’s the use?”
– Missionitis - “Let’s press on.”
ROADBLOCKS

FATIGUE: Widely recognized enemy of
pilots and crewmembers.
– A low frustration threshold
– Degraded coordination
– Slowness in response
– Carelessness
– Acceptance of low standards of
accuracy
ROADBLOCKS

STRENGTH OF AN IDEA: Tendency to
unconsciously make the available
evidence fit a preconceived situation; to
see or hear what we want to hear, and
substitute that for reality. It can take 15
seconds to “break” an idea that has been
ingrained, but is incorrect.
TOOLS TO AID IN CRM
TEAM WORK

Controllers

Other Aircraft

Passengers
PERSONAL MONITORING
“I’M SAFE”
ILLNESS
MEDICATION
SLEEP
ALCOHOL
FATIGUE
EATING/EXERCISE
Principles of CRM
 Situational Awareness
 Communications
 Assertive Behavior
 Risk Assessment & Risk Management
CRM RESOURCES

Cockpit Resource Management: The Private
Pilot's Guide by Thomas P. Turner

http://www.ntsb.gov/aviation/aviation.htm
Superior pilots use superior judgment to
avoid situations which require them to
use their superior skills