Transcript Human Language（人类语言）

Unit 1 language and culture in
communication
Our life depends on communication.
Discovering the scope of communication
Types of communication:
human communication (人类传播)
animal communication
human-animal communication
human-machine communication
machine-to-machine communication
Classifications of Language:
Human Language（人类语言）:
verbal:
English, Chinese
nonverbal:
non-word sounds --- sounds uttered to
control animals
body
language
----gestures,
head
movements
Artificial Language（人造语言）:
special purpose ---Braille
symbolic---logic
machine---computer
The narrow view of
communication
There are at least two or more people
There must be some contact between
communicators
There must be a language shared by
communicators
An exchange of information has taken place
Page 12
Models of communication (传播的模
式):Communication experts have
designed various models for
communication. They have different
ways of providing models. On the whole,
the earlier experts have simpler ones
while the present experts have taken
much more things into consideration
before designing models .
Model 1
Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver
(1949):
source of information→encoder→
channel→
decoder→retrieval
of
information
信源→发射器→ 信道→ 接受器→ 信宿
Model 2 page 16
one side culture
Mono-cultural language communication
speaker→message→channel→addresse
e→ effects
传者→讯息 → 媒介 → 受者
one side culture
Unilaterally cross-cultural language
communication
Model 3 page 18
bilaterally cross-cultural language
communication
With these models you learn a foreign
language in a more conscientious
fashion. More importantly, with these
models you will be able to have a better
understanding of cross-cultural
communication, the theme of this
course.
Meanings in communication
In any forms of communication,
mono--cultural, unilateral and bilateral
cross-cultural alike, meaning exchange is
the essence. In this part, we shall
examine various types of meanings in
communication.
In Page 23, there is a conversation
between wife , a Finnish, and husband, a
Taiwan Chinese. They are talking about
the husband's mother. Unfortunately this
conversation is overheard by the mother:
1.Utterance Meaning is what an utterance
normally means.
2. Speaker's meaning is what the speaker
has intended to convey by way of
utterance meaning.
3. Hearer's meaning is what the hearer
has understood on the basis of the
utterance meaning.
Essential components of a social
situation:
When two or more people gather to do
an activity for fulfill a purpose,
communication cannot be avoided, in
which situation a social communication
is created. A social situation has the
following essential components:
1. two or more participants:
2. a social situation: A social situation may
receive two definitions. One is given by the
community and the other by the participants.
The community definition of a social
situation is a sort of official definition, or
official interpretation of the situation, such
as a social situation of meeting, a social
situation of classroom teaching, etc. The
participants' definition refers to the
interpretations of the situation given by
participants themselves. The two types of
definition may coincide or differ
3. goal: a purpose you want to achieve by
doing something
4. setting: spatial setting(空间场合) &
temporal setting(时间场合)
5. schema/schemata: rules and procedures
6. verbal communication:
7. non-verbal communication: 一切不使用语
言进行的交际活动，包括：眼神、手势、身势、
微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接
触、讲话人的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念、
对空间的使用等。
8. time and space: