Transcript 2.History of public speaking

Chapter 1

Promotes Critical thinking
◦ The ability to make an informed judgment based on
available evidence

Advances Career Goals

Enables Civic Discourse

Provides Sense of Empowerment
◦ The feeling of the ability to attain goals









Public Relations Specialist
Sales Representative
Human Resources Specialist
Radio and Television Broadcaster
Radio and Television announcer
Editor
Speech Teacher
Advisor
Recruiter

Aristotle: Father of rhetoric
◦ The practice of public speaking to attain a goal by
using persuasive tactics

It was not until the 5th century BCE roots of
rhetoric were planted for it to become an art
form by teachers, called Sophists (wisdom
bearer).
Constantinople

Evidence in persuasive messages is most
effective in the source’s
 Ethos: Credibility
 Pathos: Emotional appeal
 Logos: logical appeal


Cicero (106-432BCE): believed that a well
rounded education in the liberal arts would
enable speakers to speak with knowledge
and expressiveness.
Quintilian ( 35-95 AD): was interested in
preparing orators who spoke eloquently,
exhibiting good moral character and ethics
(a good man speaking well).
1. Invention: The gathering and analyzing of facts
and physical evidence.
2. Arrangement: The organization of oration.
3. Style: The use of eloquent language.
4. Memory: The recollection of the speech.
5. Delivery: The physical delivery of the speech.




Marked by Civil War
A number of notable speakers, politicians,
abolitionists, women’s right activist used
public speaking to promote their cause.
Declamation: speeches and orations of
notable persons delivered by students.
Elocution: the expression of emotion in
speeches through the use of gestures,
movement, facial expressions, posture, and
voice.
Definition
The transmission of a message using the
media, such as the following:
radio
television
newspapers
magazines
Internet


Before mass communication, oratory was the
means by which messages of state were
disseminated.
Global village: A term coined by Wyndham
Lewis in 1948 that the world has shrunk
through advantages in communication
thereby bringing everybody closer to each
other.



Claude Shannon of Bell Lab attempted to
route the most telephone calls with the least
distortion.
Warren Weaver: adopted the theory to human
communication.
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
recognizes seven elements that shape our
communication.
1. Source (speaker): transmits ideas or
information to the receiver


Encoding: t he development of information form the
thoughts, feelings, or ideas in the mind of the source
through the process of selection, formulation and
organization.
Code: verbal or nonverbal symbols
2. Message: the information or ideas conveyed
to the receiver
 Decode: to be able to translate code into an
understandable language
3. Channel: the means by which the message is
sent to the receiver
4. Receiver (Audience): whom the message is
sent
5. Feedback: verbal and nonverbal response to
a message
6. Noise: the interference or barriers during the
transmittal of a message
 External noise: physical impediments
 Internal noise: psychological or physiological distractions
 Semantic noise: the message that the receiver is unable to
understand because of differences in meanings of words,
accents, jargons, environment, ethnicity, experiences,
beliefs, or values.
7. Context: Time, space, occasion, and the
environment of a speech





Communication is much more complex that
what the Shannon-Weaver model depicts.
Communication is transactive.
Transactive model: a communication model
in which there is no source or receiver of
messages.
Those who create and consume messages are
labeled as simultaneous communicators.
“You cannot NOT communicate,” according to
this model.


Public speaking is the art, process, or act of
effectively addressing the public to inform,
persuade, or entertain them.
Types of Speeches
◦ Informative speech: speech to educate an audience
about a topic.
◦ Persuasive speech: speech that attempts to sway
the attitudes, beliefs or values of an audience.
◦ Entertaining speech: speech making fun of people,
institutions, or events to solicit humorous feedback.

Two (2) Basic Types of Communication
◦ Verbal communication: the practice of all varieties
of speech and writing.
◦ Nonverbal communication: facial expressions, body
movements, gestures, and appearance that take
place during the transmission and reception of
messages.
 Most communication, or as much as 65% of
communication is nonverbal.





Intrapersonal communication:
Communication with or within oneself
Interpersonal communication: communication
with two or more people
Small group communication: communication
with a small number of persons
Public Communication: delivery of a speech
to an audience
Mass Communication: communication via
media



Fear of public speaking and the fear of death
ranks #1 in most surveys asking people of their
fears.
Communication apprehension: the fear of
speaking to others
Communication anxiety is a universal
phenomenon. Nervousness is quite common,
even among seasoned politicians, actors,
teachers, and others who engage in public
speaking.
1. Physical symptoms: include dry throat,
nausea, increase in heart palpitation,
sweating, changing colors, shaking of
hands and/or legs, cold hands
2. Psychological symptoms: include
avoiding eye contact with the audience,
forgetting the speech, gazing at the floor,
ceiling or other objects
3. Both Physical and psychological
symptoms

Know Your Environment

Know Your Audience

Know Your Speech

Learn to Relax

Visualize a Successful Speech

Know that the Audience Wants you to Succeed

Do not Apologize for Your Apprehension

Concentrate on the message (not your fear)

Make your Nervousness Work for You

Gain Experience

Evaluate Yourself


Conversations: oral communication with
members of your family, friends, and
coworkers
Many of the principles of conversation also
apply to public speaking inclusive of
similarities and differences.
Some conversations are planned.
This planning of conversations involves
carefully choosing the right words.
Public speaking involves much more planning
from choosing a topic, to performing
research and practicing delivery.

Although many conversations are planned, most is spur-of-themoment. Public speaking is different in that it is usually planned.
Stick to the topic selected, researched and practiced.

Most conversations use informal language (slang, words, cliches
and jargon).

Audiences expect speakers to use language that follows
traditional standards of correctness.

Proximity: physical closeness may be absent during public
speaking.

Back and forth exchange of messages in conversation is missing
form public speaking.
Hagia Sophia

12% of the U. S. population is foreign born.

Mexico is the leading country of Origin.

Out of every 100 Americans
◦ 14 are Latinos
◦ 13 are African American
◦ 7 are Asians

Children of Immigrants are regularly
bilingual.


Ethnocentrism: A belief in the superiority of
one’s group or culture over all other groups
or cultures.
Problems of Ethnocentrism
◦ Failure to take into account differences between
self and audience.
◦ Failure to take steps to become more sensitive to
cultural, ethnic, and racial differences of your
listeners.
◦ Be sure tone is clear an appropriate for audiences of
all backgrounds.
◦ Use support material appropriate to a wide variety
of listeners.
◦ Use Visual aids to help overcome cultural and
language barriers.
◦ Be especially tuned to audience feedback for
difficulties in understanding speech.