Transcript Six Ws Questions

WMO
Flood Communication
from the Global Perspective
Workshop on Flood Communication and Information Exchange
in the Dniester River Basin
Lviv, Ukraine, 27-28 May 2013
Presentation outline
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What is Communication?
Six Ws Questions:
 Who?
 What?
 When?
 Where?
 Why?
 How?
 Examples
 Challenges and Conclusions
What is Communication?
Interactional Communication Model (Schramm, 1954)
Six Ws Questions
about Flood Communication
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Who?
What?
When?
Where?
Why?
How?
Six Ws Questions: Who?
Main partners in Flood Communication:
 Flood managers
 Population
 Media
 Experts
(i.e. social and
behavioural experts)
Six Ws Questions: What?
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Information to be included
 Location
 Time
 Advice on behaviour
 Explanations about warning level scales
 Data, especially real-time data
 Uncertainty
Six Ws Questions: When?
FC as an ongoing activity
 Before flood events: Prevention
 Education of the population
 Training of staff
 During flood events: Warning
 Real-time data
 Advice on what to do/not to do
 After flood events: Relief
 Relief measures and compensations
 Feedback
 Future strategies
Six Ws Questions: Where?
FC as a multiscale activity
 Regional level
 Cross-border exchange of information
 Common training
 Coordination
 National level
 Special attention to remote areas
 Local level
 Interaction with people directly affected
Six Ws Questions: Why?
Effectiveness of Flood Management is closely
related to Risk Perception
“Intuitive risk judgments of individuals and social
groups in the context of limited and uncertain
information” (Slovic, 1987)
Risk perception can differ from objective risk
Six Ws Questions: Why?
Social Amplification of Risk Framework
Filters in the communication chain of risk events amplify or
attenuate their perception, in turn causing all kinds of
secondary social, political, and economic consequences on
perception of a more consistent risk.
Factors influencing amplification or attenuation of risk:
Personal characteristics
Situational factors
Risk characteristics
Six Ws Questions: How?
Development of a Communication Strategy
 Communication Plan
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Dissemination Plan
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Objectives
Target audience and its perceptions and needs
Means and technology
Timing and Frequency
Horizontal Coordination
Vertical Coordination
Ex-post Evaluation
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Process evaluation
Impact evaluation
Six Ws Questions: How?
Features of an effective message
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Be intelligible
Be positive
Be clear on uncertainties
Be inclusive
Examples
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Negative
 Genova, Italy, 4 November 2011
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6 victims, due to inadequate preparedness and
wrong communication
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Positive
 www.vigicrues.gouv.fr,
Vigicrues: Information sur la vigilance "crues ",
French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable
Development and Energy
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National and local information
Interactive map
Legend
Maximum level of alert
Advice on behaviour
Link to "Carte de vigilance de Météo-France"
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Serbian Dept. of the Interior’s brochure
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Public education
Synthetic information
Suitable for different
kinds of public
What to do/not to do
Available at:
prezentacije.mup.gov.rs/svs/HTML/Van
redne%20situacije_Cirilica_FINAL.pdf
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Flood Patrol, Smartphone App,
Philippines’ Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) and Nationwide
Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH)
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Real-time data and warnings
Crowdsourcing
Interactive map
Legend
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Discover Floods, Booklet
APFM and Project WET’s KIDs Activity
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Addressed to children
Use of images and colours
Simple language
Educational games and activities
Available at:
http://www.apfm.info/?page_id=1530
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Challenges and Conclusions
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Statutory liability
Inclusiveness and coordination
Adaptation to the audience
Thank you for your attention!