Transcript Session 2 Themes & Applications

SESSION 2:
THEMES & APPLICATIONS OF
COMMUNITY PLANNING
Copyright 2011 Phil Heywood
The Four Themes & Their Contributions
to Community Planning
• Communication
• Consultation
• Participation
• Negotiation
Relations Between
Communication, Consultation, Negotiation & Participation
Communication
Application
& Purpose
Goal &
Context
Vehicle &
Context
Media &
Meaning
Participation
Method &
Value
Process &
Information
Point &
Outcome
Purpose &
Direction
Consultation
Outcome &
Credibility
Capacity &
Legitimacy
Stimulus &
Continuity
Understanding
& Facility
Negotiation
Communication
1. Role of Communication in Social Evolution
2. Content and roles of Communication in Planning Practice
- Communicative Methods
1. Recording
2. Exploring
3. Developing
4. Communicative action & policy making
The Role of Communication in
Social Evolution
The following table demonstrates the importance of Communication in supporting
the values and activities of Freedom and Equality, illustrating its roles in
shaping their contribution to human survival and evolution:
1.
Survival requires true recognition of real world situations.
(Example: “Don’t try to walk on water!”) .
2.
Establishment of truth requires challenge and response to individual
interpretations
(Example: “What makes you think you perform better after a drink?”).
3.
Challenge & response requires free speech and personal freedom.
“(Example: Why isn’t my work returned to me promptly after marking?”)
4.
Free Speech & personal freedom require equality of rights.
Thus, communication, personal freedom and equality are all necessary
values to human survival and beneficial social evolution.
The Roles of Communication &
Related Values in Social Evolution
Values
Origins
Activities
Planning Implications
Survival,
Shelter
Health
Basic Values genetically
inscribed
Recognition of
Truth
(objective or
intersubjective)
Open discussion: rights of
communication protected
by custom or law
Beliefs about
truth, equality,
purpose of life
Cultural
Valuesculturally
entrenched
Challenge &
Response
Conjecture &
Refutation in
open
debate
Critical, tolerant &
communicative cultures –
Richard Florida’s human
capital & Creative
Class
Prosperity,
Liberty,
Debate &
Learning
Social Valuessocially
grounded
Education,
politics,
religion &
planning
Rights of free speech ,
protection & support for
opposing views & critiques
(e.g. Of of paid
Oppositions in govt.)
Equality of
Rights &
defined
Jurisdictional
Valuesconstitutionally
Equality before
the
law;
Individual rights
constrained
only by like rights of others.
Content and roles of communication in planning
practice
Communicative Methods:
1. Recording community preferences in workshops &
websites
2. Exploring issues with community groups and on
websites
3. Collaborative development of options with professionals
& other local groups
4. Communicative action & policy making – negotiated
objectives, problem-solving, conflict resolution and
appreciative inquiry
Consultation
Characteristics, Criticisms & Advantages
Forms & Methods of Consultation
QUALITATIVE METHODS
QUANTITATIVE
METHODS
Focus Groups with
special interests
Promotional &
Pressure Groups
Media use
Mixed Interest Groups
with different interests
Consultative &
Advisory Committees
Schools & Colleges
Service Providers &
Implementation agents
Steering Committees
Whole Affected
Community
(Sample Surveys)
Participation
• Issues & Goals
• Theories: Social Contracts & Mutual Aid
• Applications
Goals & Issues of Participation
• ETHICS: Choice not coercion
• STYLE: Preferences not persuasion
• LOCATION: Decentralized and not marginalising
• METHODS: Multiple methods and outcomes not just one
Theories: Social Contract & Mutual Aid
SOCIAL CONTRACT:
1. Developed by John Locke (1690) to include peoples’ rights to
choose government representatives and enjoy freedom of belief,
speech & expression in return for paying taxes and obeying laws
2. Enshrined in US Declaration of Independence (1776)s
inalienable rights to Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of
Happiness
3.John Rawls (A Theory of Justice, 1972)
1. Equal freedoms for all
2. Give most to those who have least
3. Basis of Social Justice is what people would choose for
themselves.
MUTUAL AID:
Peter Kropotkin (1899 &1939) & Syndicalists
“Sociability is the greatest single advantage in the struggle for
survival & success in a constantly changing world”.
• Resulting arguments for collaboration & cooperation
Planning Applications
•Neighbourhood & Community Boards & Councils to involve
local people in elective government: Amsterdam’s Neighbourhood
Councils, New Zealand’s Community Boards; USA’s Education
Boards
•Supporting Voluntarism : the Oregon Model- Portland’s 102
Neighbourhood Associations performing a wide range of
representative, active and service roles
•Community initiatives and sharing powers :Community Industry
and Workers Coops & Management in North Spain: Community
Gardens & City Farms worldwide ; Creek Catchment Coordinating
Committees in Queensland , Housing estates - “Tenants Take Over”
open space & community facilities:
Participation Based on Work:
Mondragon Workers Cooperative
- CONCEPTION: 1941:
Father Jose Arizmendi founded democratically managed
Polytechnic School to explore cooperative ideas as a “third way”
between excesses of dictatorships of Franco & Stalin (Order ) &
the social inequities of capitalism (Competition).
- BIRTH: 1956:
Established ULGOR workers cooperative with
unemployed Polytechnic graduates to produce
“White Goods”, of which 5 foundation members
had previous experience.
Participation Based on Work:
Mondragon Workers Cooperative
- YOUTH: 1960s:
Growth to a network of enterprises with 3,000 + worker partners
all having a financial stake which was bought out on leaving, so
that only the workers could own their work places & enterprises.
- MATURITY: 1970s & 80s
Control of the factories and senior management appointments
was by Works Councils (all workers are voting members)
appointing and sharing power with plant managers.
- EXPANSION: 90s and 21st C:
By 2009, the network had grown to include over 100,000 member
owners, with 20,000 outside Spain, and become Spain’s largest
producer of white goods, with the highest worker productivity of
any Spanish firm.
Mondragon Arrangements
Redistribution
10% of the profits must go to “second degree” co-ops providing community
services of schools, colleges, Mondragon University, clinics & research
institutes, governed by factory co-ops representatives
Human Scale
No individual factory may expand to > 500 workers, to maintain workers control &
good communications (though average size of 150 firms is now over 600
worker members each). Wage differentials, originally fixed at a ratio 1:3, have
been expanded but only to 1:6.
Resilience
Global re-structuring of employment due to automation of 1980s & 1990s posed
sharp challenges, but employment levels remained at 100% - inherent in the
cooperative structure. The MCC is also weathering well the current economic
crisis
- New enterprises start with a group of people who are friends. The natural
bonds of friendship are the basis for successful ventures, reflecting
community as “friendly association”
BUZZ PAIRS
Each pair member think of a situation where participation is
or could be occurring quite effectively
OR
Describe a classical case where people are or have been
excluded, alienated or marginalised
Negotiation
3 elements:
1. Group Dynamics
2. Alternative Dispute Resolution
3. Consensus Building
Group Dynamics
Principles of Kurt Lewin’s Resolving Social Conflicts & Field
Theory in Social Science (1947)
•
•
•
•
•
Force- Field theory : Behaviour is a product of personality
acting within the field of environment
Change solutions come through increasing rewards within new
situations to outweigh current constraints.
Most secure resolutions come from face to face contacts
Democratic principles & leadership are necessary within and
between groups
Continuity & commitment of dialogue are necessary (unlike
once-for-all legal decisions)
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
WHO SHOULD BE INVOLVED?
Those who can demonstrate that their interests are affected
have a right to be involved (Mill’s self regarding vs. other
regarding issues)
WHAT IS BEING SOUGHT?
Maximum possible benefit from minimum inescapable risk
(Rawls’ Maximin principle- different from chancers’ Minimax
Principle)
HOW IS IT DONE?
a.
b.
c.
ADR requires commitment to maintain contact and follow
due process;
Participants think about their own & others’ BATNAs (Best
Alternatives to Negotiated Agreements) & decide whether
to negotiate or not
Problem solving methods are required to produce “WinWin” situations – as in Alexander’s Indian Village scheme.
Consensus Building
1. May use Appreciative Enquiry or Problem Solving
2. May involve Action Planning,, Charettes or Inquiry by
Design
3. May result from Advocacy Planning, Community Action
or Community Development
Negotiation in Community Planning
in Practice
• Problem Solving - From Opposition to Proposition: Brisbane’s
Southbank example
• Appreciative Enquiry – Chicago’s Back o’ the Yards; Seattle’s
Sewage.
• Action Planning - Kolkatta Bustee Improvements; Bangkok CEDA
Inner city Improvements & Schweitzer- Renate Workshops in South
Africa.
• Advocacy Planning – Norman Creek Waterway Park, Suburban
Action & Desegregation of US Suburbs
CASE STUDY: NEGOTIATIVE PLANNING IN NORMAN CREEK CORRIDOR
1.Agendas
 a.1986 Sydney Industrial Developers’
propose to culvert creek for industrial
development.
 b. Local opposition produces combined
scheme (initiated by Community
Development Officer) by Norman Creek
Flood Mitigation Committee working with
QUT Planners for creek conservation,
floodway, housing improvement & industrial
estate.
2. Conflict
 4 year conflict involving community
members & advocates & all levels of
government, including Brisbane City
Engineers, Traffic Planners, Parks
Department & Economic Development
Bureau
CASE STUDY:NORMAN CREEK/STONES CORNER CORRIDOR
NEGOTIATED PLANNING





3. Negotiation
1989 Steering Committee composed
(after resolving deadlock) of local
community groups with co-opted, but
non voting council staff to settle
objectives, terms of reference and
provide guidance for a consensual
scheme
4. Resolution
1990 Loder & Bayley Consultants
scheme, reflecting original
Community- University proposals,
adopted by Council & gained PIA
Strategic Planning Award for
Excellence.
. 1992 Current Norman Creek
Waterway Park opened & continued in
full use
Norman Creek Outcomes
1. Consensual Scheme with something for everyone –
residential flood mitigation, habitat conservation, inner
city industry, recreation and access
2. Continuing successful resistance to inner suburban
roads & creek culverting schemes
3. Continuing very active community involvement in
conservation and open space management– N4C
(Norman Creek Catchment Coordinating Committee)
Reminder of Relations among Communication, Consultation,
Negotiation & Participation
Communication
Application
& Purpose
Goal &
Context
Vehicle &
Context
Media &
Meaning
Participation
Method &
Value
Process &
Information
Point &
Outcome
Purpose &
Direction
Consultation
Outcome &
Credibility
Capacity &
Legitimacy
Stimulus &
Continuity
Understanding
& Facility
Negotiation
CONCLUSIONS




Good communication provides the basis to achieve each of the values of
consultation, participation and negotiation and is thus a ‘must have‘ skill for
successful community planning
Consultation, both with practitioners of such activities as housing,
employment and transport, and with community members affected by
possible changes, is always essential, for reasons of both justice and
effectiveness
Participation is both a means to acceptable planning and an important
social good to be achieved as an end of community activities
Negotiation is often the crucial means to unlock acceptance of change, and
is thus an essential component of democratic planning
Questions & Contributions
?