Transcript Electronic Resource Notebook - Broadcasting

Electronic Resource
Notebook - Broadcasting
Students listed here
Students of Broadcasting
As students of broadcasting at Spring Arbor
University, we have devoted our college careers
to the pursuit of an education in the transmission
of television and radio programming as well as
the development of new media. Our group
consists of a diverse group of students who plan
to pursue careers in many different fields from
television and radio to the production and
distribution of new media such as podcasts and
web based content.
General
Resource
Section
Reinard, J. (2001). Introduction to communication research. (3rd ed.).
New York: McGraw Hill.
This resource includes a general
introduction to key concepts that anyone
performing research in the field of
communications must know. Specifically
good in informing the reader of when to
use specific methods, as well as defining
research related terms.
Sherman, C. & Price, P. (2001). The invisible web: Uncovering
information sources search engines can’t see. Medford, NJ:
Information Today.
This resource contains a treasure trove of
information regarding different ways to search
the web, other than general search engines
(yahoo, google, etc.) This book gives information
on how to get streaming audio from NPR, how to
find public records online, as well as many other
information sources, including: legal and
criminal Resources, reference sources,
education, history, health and medical
information, etc.
Metzler, K. (1997). Creative writing: The writer’s guide to gathering
information by asking questions. (3rd ed.). London: Allyn and Bacon.
This book is a general resource for those
who use interviews as part of their jobs.
Includes chapters covering most problems
that interviewers face and how to
overcome those obstacles. Has a very
good chapter titled: Ethics of the Interview.
Book uses anecdotal stories to reinforce
ideas.
Kennedy, S. D. (1998). Best bet of the internet: Reference and research
when you don’t have time to mess around. Chicago: American
Library Association.
While it may be outdated (1998) in terms of
website content, this book contains a wealth of
knowledge covering other topics related to
searching on the internet. These include subject
specific meta-sites, virtual libraries and
newsrooms, mailing lists and usenet
newsgroups. Best Bet Internet also includes a
useful section on evaluating internet resourses.
Spring Arbor University, White Library. (2000). Library research: An
introduction to research, library skills, and resources and services of
the Hugh A. White Library. Retrieved December 9, 2006, from
http://campus.arbor.edu/whitelibrary/LibraryResearch.htm#a
This website is a great resource for the
beginning researcher. It walks you through the
process of performing scholarly research. From
a basic walkthrough of the general research
process, to breaking down the different
categorization systems, this website is a great
starting point for research.
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (5th edition). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
A must have for any communications
researcher. Contains every rule and
regulation for writing and citing references
in APA format. If you intend to submit an
article in any communications journal, you
must cite every source according to APA
standards.
EBSCOhost Research Databases. (2006). Communication and Mass
Media Complete. Retrieved December 9, 2006 from
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/search?vid=1&hid=112&sid=17366e
d9-b62b-461d-a442-77c2147aa1e1%40sessionmgr108
This database contains articles related directly to
the fields of communication and mass media.
Accessing this site will provide the user with
thousands of scholarly articles written directly for
those in the field of mass media.
OCLC FirstSearch. (2006) WorldCat Advanced Search. Retrieved
December 9, 2006 from
http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/LogDbChange?dbchangetype=q
uickselect:next=html/advanced.html:bad=html/home.html:sessionid=f
sapp14-33676-evioqyil2d67ku:entitypagenum=43:0:dbname=WorldCat
This database contains references to books, cd’s, and other
materials owned by libraries around the United States. If your library
doesn’t own the selection that you are looking for, it is possible to
borrow from any library connected through interlibrary loans. A great
starting point when looking for materials to help the research
process.
Stacks, D. W. (1992). Essentials of communication research. New York:
HarperCollins.
This text, has proven techniques, good advice,
and real-world examples that you can easily
apply to your own case, will turn you into an
skilled communicator. Good for broadcasters as
well, this book was written expressly for
technologists, this is a simple, concise, and
practical guide to the communication activities of
writing, presentation delivery, and meeting
interaction.
Lindlof, T. R. (1995). Qualitative communication research method.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Lindlof has written a complete text that
addresses the theory and technique of
qualitative research across a breadth of
approaches with substantive and
illuminating examples drawn from a variety
of topical areas. The author address the
problems and controversies of research
without bogging down in indecision or
glossing to happy endings.
Rubin, R. B. (1993). Communication research: Strategies and sources.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
This text presents strategies for selecting,
refining, and researching communication
topics, placing special emphasis on using
library resources to search for literature. It
simplifies the research process by teaching
students library skills, scholarly writing, and
acquainting them with the latest research
technology tools.
Jablin, F. M., & Putnam, L. L. (2001). The new handbook of
organizational communication: Advances in theory, research,
and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Organizational communication as a discipline has grown
over the latter part of the century, but accompanying that
growth has been a struggle to establish a clear identity
for the field. The ongoing evolution of difficult
organizations in an equally difficult global environment
has scholars continuing to define and redefine the focus,
the boundaries, and the future of the field. The New
Handbook of Organizational Communication is a volume
that ties together the various threads of this
interdisciplinary area of scholarship.
Keyton, J. (2005). Communication research: Asking questions, finding
answers. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Keyton’s book covers basic research issues and
both quantitative and qualitative approaches to
communication research. The guiding principle of
the text is that methodological choices arise from
one’s research questions and hypotheses. The
book focuses first on the research process, and
then discusses the methodological tools for
understanding and conducting basic
communication research projects
Booth, W. C., Colomb, J. M., & Williams, J. M. (2003). The craft of
research. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
This is an excellent resource that walks the
reader through every step of the research
process. From a topic that you have an
interest in to a final draft, this book will help
walk the inexperienced researcher through
the research process.
Wimmer, R. D. (1994). Mass media research: An introduction. Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
This text begins with an overview of mass
communication research and ethics of research.
It then explores each major approach to
research, including qualitative, content analysis,
survey research, longitudinal research, and
experimental research. The text continues with a
section on data analysis, and concludes with a
forward-looking section on research applications,
covering such topics as research in print and
electronic media as well as on the Internet.
Kault D. (2003). Statistics with common sense. London: Greenwood
Press.
A good book that brings the science of
statistics to a level that most can
understand. Helps the reader to
understand the basic concepts and
principles of statistics and probability. This
book will be an invaluable help in trying to
decipher statistics reported in the media.
Jenson, K. (2002). A handbook of media and communication research.
New York: Routledge.
The Handbook of Media and Communication
Research presents qualitative as well as
quantitative approaches to the analysis and
interpretation of media, covering perspectives
from both the social sciences and the
humanities. The Handbook offers a
comprehensive review of earlier research and a
set of guidelines for how to think about, plan, and
carry out studies of media in different social and
cultural contexts.
Communications
Research
Resources
Section
Broadcasting & Cable (2006) New York, NY, Reed Business
Information.
This journal will be very useful when
wanting to know the up to date trends in
broadcasting, licensing and people that are
in the industry.
Broadcasting & Telecommunications (2006) Ottawa, ON, Statistics
Canada.
This journal will be very useful when it
comes to wanting to know about program
distribution, television and radio
broadcasting and telecommunications from
the Canadian perspective. Possible jobs in
Canada as well as adapting one of their
methods to the station.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media (2006) Washington District,
Broadcast Education Association.
This journal provides articles, reviews, and
criticism about the field of broadcasting.
The articles in this journal will be helpful
when looking for current research into
today’s audiences and different trends in
broadcasting as well as the internet and
new media.
MediaWeek (2006) New York, NY, VNU eMedia, Inc.
This magazine deals with all aspects of
television broadcasting; from interviews,
special reports and special sections for
executives and management in television,
radio, cable and magazines. It’s a multimedia magazine that allows for up to date
information about the field.
Gerbner, G. (Ed.). (1977). Mass media policies in changing cultures.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
This book is dated (1977), but includes
many lessons to be learned in today’s
media centered world. It focuses on three
different segments of Mass Media policies:
International Trends, New Directions, and
Developments in Theory and Research.
Contributors from around the world.
Columbia Journalism Review (2006) New York, NY, Columbia
Journalism Review.
With having 75% of the audience working
in journalism or communication this journal
will benefit greatly because of the critical
analysis of the performance of the news
media. This applies to both broadcasting
and print.
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (2006) Columbia, SC,
Association for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication.
With this journal offering reviews, studies,
opinions, articles and essays on all
aspects of electronic mass communication
it will be very beneficial to use in the future.
Broadcasting (2006) New York, NY, Reed Business Information.
This journal will be very beneficial because
of its content about the business. When it
comes to licensing and ratings and how to
better oneself in the field of broadcasting.
Bryant, J., & Zillman, D. (2002). Media effects: Advances in theory and
research. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
• Reflecting recent developments in a rapidly evolving area
(a.k.a. media), editors Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann
have expanded this second edition. All the chapters from
the previous edition are included here, extensively
revised and updated. Each chapter in this book reflects
areas of current or renewed interests within the media
effects study. Some of the Chapter topics are, media
consumption and its original reception processes;
intermedia processes; educational and prosocial effects;
individual differences in media effects; new effects on
issue perception; and third person effects.
Kubey, R. (1997). Media literacy in the information age: Current
perspectives. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Due to the time-sensitive content in this
particular book, several revisions have
been made and released. However, there
is certainly core information relating to how
the younger generations are obtaining and
processing current media. For anyone in a
media field, this source in invaluable.
Zagotita, T. (2005). Mediated: How the media shapes your world and
the way you live in it. New York, NY: Bloomsburg Publishing.
Zengotita uses Marshall Mcluhans
“Understanding Media”. As Mcluhan
presented us with the realization that
modernism was coming to an end, Zagotita
has a great deal to say about saturation of
postmodernism in our existence today.
Mediated shows our contemporary selves
and the media that make and reflect us.
Goldberg, B. (2001). Bias: A CBS insider exposes how the media
distort the news.. Massachusetts Ave, Washington D.C.: Renery
Publishing.
Broadcasting journalist Bernard Goldberg
reveals a corporate news culture in which
the close-mindedness is stunning.
Journalistic integrity has been wager to
liberal opinion; Goldberg stated in his book
that “Entertainment trumps hard news
every time.”
Goldberg, B. (2003). Arrogance: Rescuing America from the media elite.
New York, NY: Warner Books, Inc.
In Arrogance, Goldberg punctures the
bubble in which media elites live and work
a culture of denial where contrary news is
not welcome. He shows how they base
their storied on assumptions many
American don’t share which inevitably
leads to bias reporting and slanted news.
Castelnero, G (2006). T.V. land detroit. Ann Arbor, MI: University of
Michigan Press.
TV Land Detroit is based on actual
interviews with the people who made
Detroit TV. This book awakens the
emotional attachments our community has
for local TV shows. This helps
broadcasters understand the agenda
setting theory and see actual cases studies
of how the media influences the public.
Stay, B. (1999). Mass media: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego, CA:
Green haven Press, Inc.
Stay describes how television affects
society through advertising and political
influences through the media. Chapters
four and five Stay asks the question,
“Should pornography on the internet be
regulated?” And are content regulations on
TV beneficial for kids?”
Jay, H. (1978). TV guide: The first 25 years. New York, NY: Triangle
Publications, Inc.
Television covers the entire world we live in
according to Jay. Because the TV guide
concerns itself with whatever TV touches, the
magazine has not only brought up interesting
matter but subject matter that is vital to its
readers. Professor Barney Cole of the University
of Indiana copied a volume of articles from TV
guide magazine dealing with serious aspects of
television, how it works, and how it is changing
the U.S. and our environment. That work, is now
used in a number of college communication
courses.
Individual
Methods
Section
Hanson, G., & Weardon, S. T. (2004) Measuring newscast accuracy:
applying a newspaper model to television. Journalism & Mass
Communication Quarterly, 81 (3), 546-558.
This article deals with surveys for news
accuracy. This study developed a working
design that allows for television news to
send out to the audience to see if their
news coverage is accurate. A
questionnaire was also adapted from
newspaper literature for use in television.
This method was used in Cleveland.
Converse, J. M. & Presser, S. (1986). Survey questions: Handcrafting
the standardized questionnaire. London: Sage Publications.
This book walks someone through the
process of creating a survey. It includes
tips on what to include in your survey as
well as what to avoid. The book includes a
large section on question wording and
types of questions to include, as well as
when to and when not to include specific
types of questions.
Fowler, F. J. (1993). Survey research methods. (2nd ed.). London:
Sage Publications.
Helpful tool for those who are not well
versed in statistics. Another resource for
those who want to create a survey, but are
not experienced in the creation and
implementation of surveys. This book
focuses on minimizing non-sampling
errors, good question design, high quality
interviewing and high response rates.
Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied
research. (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
A step by step process of how to conduct a
focus group. This book walks the reader
through the planning stages of focus
groups all the way to the reporting of
results.
Schuman, H. & Presser, S. (1981). Questions and answers in attitude
surveys: Experiments on questions form, wording, and context.
This book is a helpful tool for those writing
questions for surveys or polls that deal with
attitudes, opinions, beliefs, values,
preferences, etc. Chapter 11 on the tone
of wording in questions is especially helpful.
Pfau, M., Haigh, M. M., Logsdon, L., Perrine, C., Baldwin, J. P.,
Breitenfeldt, R. E., Cesar, J., Dearden, D., Kuntz, G., Montalvo, E.,
Roberts, D. & Romero, R. (2004). Embedded Reporting During the
Invasion and Occupation of Iraq: How the Embedding of Journalists
Affects Television News Reports. Journal of Broadcasting &
Electronic Media. 49 (4). 468-487.
A detailed quantitative content analysis of news
reports on the Iraq war, both embedded and nonembedded reports, looking for differences. This
research article shows exactly how to use the
content analysis method in regards to
broadcasting and the effects of differing
messages.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its
methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
This book primarily focuses on the
progression and expansion of content
analysis in the past several decades. With
the advancement of media, a floodgate of
materials open to content analysis has
burst open upon us. Krippendorff provides
an insightful look into the process of
content analysis.
Freedman, J. L. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression:
Assessing the scientific evidence. Buffalo: University of
Toronto Press.
In this book, Freedman compiles many of
the studies performed on aggression and
violence in the media. He compares the
studies and reveals his results. Not only
does this book provide wonderful in-depth
examples of past media experiments, but it
is also an example of a content analysis,
both qualitative and quantitative.
Steinar, K. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research
interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
This book explains the practical need for
interviews in research. In addition to
providing applications and definitions, this
resource also delves into the philosophical
realms of interviewing. Another benefit to
this book is the fact the it is written on a
level understandable to undergraduate
students, which makes it accessible to
everyone.
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2002). Handbook of interview
research: Context & methods. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
Not only does this resource provide basic
and background information about
interviewing, but it also applies the
interviewing process to current postmodern
media. In addition, the book discusses
moral issues surrounding the interview
process. This is a critical resource for
anyone who might ever perform an
interview for research purposes.
Stewart, D. W. & Shamdasani, P. N. (1990). Focus groups: Theory and
practice. London: Sage Publications.
Another useful book for someone who is
inexperienced to use in the application of
focus group research. This book contains a
very useful section on group dynamics, as
well as helpful reviews at the end of each
section.
Moores, S. (1993). Interpreting audiences: The ethnography of media
consumption. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
This is a beginners book that collects and
compares various ethnographic studies
that have been done pertaining to media
audiences (i.e. television, newspapers,
magazines, etc.). This is a helpful resource
when analyzing and comparing past
behaviors of media consumers.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Not only does this book delve into the
different qualitative methods and how to
apply them, but it also looks at how they
relate to the social issues in today’s
society. This resource would be very
helpful as a brush up for any qualitative
researcher.
Altheide, D. L. (1996). Qualitative media analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
Qualitative media analysis is one of the
most prominently used methods for a
communication researcher. This book
provides how to conduct an analysis on
various forms of media such as
newspapers, magazines, and television.
Smith, C. D., & Kornblum, W. (1996). In the field: Readings on the field
research experience. Westport, CT: Praeger.
This book comprises the experiences of a
group of noted ethnographic researchers.
Not only does the book provide a better
understanding for the application of field
research, but takes a look at its history as
well.
Prater, B. W., Wang, P., & Lavine, J. (1994). Enhancing newspaper's
value as local advertising medium. Newspaper Research Journal. 15
(3), 131-143.
A good example of how to use a focus group to
achieve your goals. This study could be adapted
to fit any type of broadcast media that relies on
local advertising.
Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research: Designs and methods.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Yin provides an outlined step by step
description of case studies for the new
researcher. This book defines case study
research, explains design, and
summarizes data collection in a thorough
yet understandable manner.
McKeown, N. (1982). Case studies and projects in communication.
New York: Methuen.
Although slightly outdated, McKeown’s
book provides extensive knowledge of
case studies. Not only does McKeown
provide definitions and descriptions, but he
also offers hands on projects for
researchers to better understand the
subject matter.
Berkhofer, R. F. (1969). A behavioral approach to historical analysis.
New York: Free Press.
This book takes an exhaustive look at a
research method that is often overlooked.
Understanding historical analysis allows
researchers to be able to take hard look at
a past scenario. By understanding the
past, we can make comparisons and
predictions of the future.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2001). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
This book provides step by step instruction
in understanding and implementing content
analysis. This is a text aimed at upper-level
graduates, which allows us to increase our
research knowledge and the expand into
new areas of research.
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis: quantitative applications in
the social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
This book is an in-depth look at
quantitative content analysis, but from a
social science aspect. This would be a
good resource if we were conducting
research that involves the social sciences.
It also includes content on working with
computers and charts.
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. G. (2005). Analyzing media messages:
Using quantitative content analysis in research. (2 ed.).
Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
This text book provides a comprehensive
look at quantitative content analysis. Of all
of the research methods, this particular
method is often the hardest to grasp. This
book allows a researcher to understand the
process better through step-by-step
instructions and current applications.
Reference
Section
References
Altheide, D. L. (1996). Qualitative media analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th edition). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Berkhofer, R. F. (1969). A behavioral approach to historical analysis. New York:
Free Press.
Booth, W. C., Colomb, J. M., & Williams, J. M. (2003). The craft of research.
(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Broadcasting (2006) New York: Reed Business Information.
Broadcasting & Cable (2006) New York: Reed Business Information.
Broadcasting & Telecommunications (2006) Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.
Bryant, J., & Zillman, D. (2002). Media effects: Advances in theory and
research. Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Castelnero, G (2006). T.V land detroit. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan
Press.
Converse, J. M. & Presser, S. (1986). Survey questions: Handcrafting the
standardized questionnaire. London: Sage Publications.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
EBSCOhost Research Databases. (2006). Communication and Mass Media
Complete. Retrieved December 9, 2006 from
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/search?vid=1&hid=112&sid=17366ed9b62b-461d-a442-77c2147aa1e1%40sessionmgr108
Fowler, F. J. (1993). Survey research methods. (2nd ed.). London: Sage
Publications.
Freedman, J. L. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression: Assessing
the scientific evidence. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
Gerbner, G. (Ed.). (1977). Mass media policies in changing cultures. New York:
John Wily & Sons.
Goldberg, B. (2003). Arrogance: Rescuing America from the media elite.
New York: Warner Books, Inc.
Goldberg, B. (2001). Bias: A CBS insider exposes how the media distort the
news. Massachusetts Ave, Washington D.C.: Renery Publishing.
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2002). Handbook of interview research:
Context & methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hanson, G., & Weardon, S. T. (2004). Measuring newscast accuracy: Applying a
newspaper model to television. Journalism & Mass Communication
Quarterly, 81 (3), 546-558.
Jablin, F. M., & Putnam, L. L. (2001). The new handbook of organizational
communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Jay, H. (1978). TV guide: The first 25 years. New York: Triangle Publications,
Inc.
Jenson, K. (2002). A handbook of media and communication research.
New York: Routledge.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media (2006) Washington District,
Broadcast Education Association.
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (2006) Columbia, SC, Association
for Education in Journalism & Mass Communication.
Kault D. (2003). Statistics with common sense. London: Greenwood Press.
Kennedy, S. D. (1998). Best bet of the internet: Reference and research when
you don’t have time to mess around. Chicago: American Library Association.
Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research.
(2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kubey, R. (1997). Media literacy in the information age: Current perspectives.
New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Lindlof, T. R. (1995). Qualitative communication research method. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
McKeown, N. (1982). Case studies and projects in communication. New York:
Methuen.
MediaWeek (2006) New York: VNU eMedia, Inc.
Columbia Journalism Review (2006) New York: Columbia Journalism Review.
Metzler, K. (1997). Creative writing: The writer’s guide to gathering
information by asking questions. (3rd ed.). London: Allyn and Bacon.
Moores, S. (1993). Interpreting audiences: The ethnography of media
consumption. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2001). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
OCLC FirstSearch. (2006) WorldCat Advanced Search. Retrieved December
9, 2006 from
http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/LogDbChange?dbchangetype=quicksele
ct:next=html/advanced.html:bad=html/home.html:sessionid=fsapp14-33676evioqyil-2d67ku:entitypagenum=43:0:dbname=WorldCat
Pfau, M., Haigh, M. M., Logsdon, L., Perrine, C., Baldwin, J. P., Breitenfeldt, R.
E., Cesar, J., Dearden, D., Kuntz, G., Montalvo, E., Roberts, D. & Romero,
R. (2004). Embedded Reporting During the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq:
How the Embedding of Journalists Affects Television News Reports. Journal
of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 49 (4), 468-487.
Prater, B. W., Wang, P., & Lavine, J. (1994). Enhancing newspaper's value as
local advertising medium. Newspaper Research Journal. 15 (3), 131-143.
Reinard, J. (2001). Introduction to communication research. (3rd ed.). New York:
McGraw Hill.
Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F. G. (2005). Analyzing media messages: Using
quantitative content analysis in research. (2 ed.). Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum
Associates.
Rubin, R. B. (1993). Communication research: Strategies and sources. Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Schuman, H. & Presser, S. (1981). Questions and answers in attitude surveys:
Experiments on questions form, wording, and context. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
Sherman, C. & Price, P. (2001). The invisible web: Uncovering
information sources search engines can’t see. Medford, NJ:
Information Today.
Smith, C. D., & Kornblum, W. (1996). In the field: Readings on the field research
experience. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Spring Arbor University, White Library. (2000). Library research: An introduction
to research, library skills, and resources and services of the Hugh A. White
Library. Retrieved December 9, 2006, from
http://campus.arbor.edu/whitelibrary/LibraryResearch.htm#a
Stacks, D. W. (1992). Essentials of communication research. New York:
HarperCollins.
Stay, B. (1999). Mass media: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego: Green haven
Press, Inc.
Steinar, K. (1996). Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research
interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Stewart, D. W. & Shamdasani, P. N. (1990). Focus groups: Theory and practice.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis: quantitative applications in the
social sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Wimmer, R. D. (1994). Mass media research: An introduction. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth Publishing Co.
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