Transcript 7-Nicki&Hilary-Emotional Intelligence

Emotional
Intelligence:
The Relationship Between Emotional
Intelligence, Emotion Control,
Affective Communication and Gender
in University Students
•Although general intelligence (IQ) indicates a person’s overall
intellectual functioning, it says little about the more specific
intelligence aspects that comprise it (Mayer & Geher, 1996).
Psychologists have sought to divide general intelligence
into more specific areas.
•Social
•Motivational
•Emotional
Emotional Intelligence is defined as “the ability to
monitor one’s own and others’ emotions, to discriminate among
them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and
actions” (Salovey & Mayer, 1990, p. 189).
Emotional Intelligence & Gender
Differences
•Stereotypically, females are often described as:
-emotional, nurturant, submissive, communicative,
sociable and passive.
•Whereas men are described as more:
- rational, instrumental, aggressive, dominant and
achievement-oriented.
•Many people perceive significant differences between
men’s and women’s personalities, and these perceptions
influence their attitudes about and behaviors towards
others, thereby influencing personality.
Emotion Control & Gender
Differences
•Emotion control is defined as the “tendency to inhibit
the expression of emotional responses”
(Roger & Bahman, 1989, p. 845).
•Men are more verbally and physically aggressive than
females, perhaps because of an inability to control these
negative feelings.
•Females are generally more influenced by the emotions
of others, which may (Friedman & Schustack, 1999).
Affective Communication and Gender
Differences
•Women are better at non-verbal communication, more sensitive to
non-verbal cues, and more non-verbally expressive than men.
•Women do better at interpreting the emotion displayed in photos
and are better at expressing emotions so that they are interpretable
by others. These findings suggest that women may be more attuned
to both their own and other’s emotional states (Friedman &
Shustack, 1999).
•Women are better at communicating non-verbal and
verbal messages.
Variables
Quasi-independent variable:
-Gender
Dependent variables:
-Emotional intelligence scores
-Emotion control scores
-Affective communication scores
Self-report questionnaires:
-EQ
-ECQ 2
-ACT
Hypothesis
•There are significant gender differences concerning
emotional intelligence, emotion control and affective
communication.
Method
•70 participants, 35 male and 35 female.
•On and off-campus
Method
•Consent form
•3 self-report Questionnaires:
•Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (EQ)
•Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ 2)
•Affective Communication Test (ACT)
•Personal Demographics
-sex, age, GPA
•Debriefing Form
Results
Descriptive statistics, independent T-tests and
correlations were conducted.
•For emotional intelligence (VAREQ), females (M = 97.71, SD =
27.82) scored higher than males (M = 91.00, SD = 31.48), but
results were insignificant (t (68) = -.946, p = .348).
•For emotion control (VARECQ), females (M = 31.14, SD = 6.02)
scored lower than males (M = 32.29, SD=6.91) but results were
insignificant (t (68) = .738, p = .463).
•For affective communication (VARACT), females(M = 70.49, SD =
19.34) scored lower than males (M = 77.83, SD = 13.98) but were
also insignificant (t(61.93) = 1.820, p = .074).
t
Results
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Graph: EQ
200
160
120
80
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0
male
female
GENDER
A person with emotional
intelligence can be thought
of as having attained at
least a limited form of
positive mental health.
These individuals are
aware of their own and
others feelings. They are open
to positive and negative
aspects of internal experience,
are able to label them, and
when appropriate,
communicate them.
(Salovey & Mayer, 1989-90).
Graphs: ECQ 2
56.0
•According to Goleman
(1996), emotional selfcontrol and the delay of
gratification underlie all
human
accomplishment.
48.0
40.0
32.0
24.0
16.0
8.0
0.0
male
female
GENDER
•Regulation of emotion
also includes the ability
to alter the affective
reactions of others.
Graph: ACT
•Being able to nonverbally express certain
emotions in different
situations is an
important indicator of
emotional intelligence.
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male
female
GENDER
•Both verbal and nonverbal reports are
essential in
demonstrating
emotional intelligence.
Results
•No significant difference between males and females in
emotional intelligence, emotion control and affective
communication.
•By correlating the 3 questionnaire scores, there was a
significant inverse relationship found between ACT and
ECQ scores among the males (-.542).
•Goleman (1994) asked the question “Is it true that women
can act more on emotional impulse, read another’s deepest
feelings or handle relationships more smoothly than men?
According to our findings, the answer is no.
•Gender differences are less apparent now than they were in
the past.
Suggested Improvements
•More diverse population
•Larger sample size
•ECQ 2 - More standardized scoring procedure could
have been used, may have affected the significance
levels of our results
•Carryover effects
-subject attrition, boredom, fatigue
•Volunteer bias
•Certain questions on the tests didn’t pertain to the
operational definitions. E.g., ACT questions focused
more on extroversion and sociability rather than
emotional communication, even though those are
areas concerned with emotional intelligence
Future Research
•May provide a more in depth view on men and women and
the way they interact in their daily lives.
•May help to better understand social interactions and
cultural differences.
•Certain occupations may require a dependency on
emotional intelligence:
-psychotherapy (empathy for patients)
-social work (concern for others)
-teaching (regulation of emotion in self and others)
-business careers (good communication skills)
•More specifically, emotion control plays an important role
in determining the physiological effects of stress
-experimental stress management programs
-behaviour in detention centres