Transcript Communication

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
I.
DEFINED
-PROVISION OF INFORMATION BY A SENDER TO A RECEIVER, AND THE
SUBSEQUENT USE OF THAT INFORMATION BY THE RECEIVER IN DECIDING
HOW TO RESPOND.
SIGNAL: VEHICLE OF INFORMATION
1)
MUST PROVIDE (POTENTIAL) BENEFIT TO SENDER AND THE RECEIVER
-SO, AN OWL HEARING A MOUSE MOVE AND USING THIS SOUND TO LOCALIZE IT
IS NOT COMMUNICATION
-SOUND MOVEMENT: CUE, NOT SIGNAL
-OWL HEARING: EAVESDROPPING, NOT COMMUNICATING
II. SIGNAL COMPONENTS:
SIGNAL CONTENT – WHAT DOES THE SIGNAL CONVEY?
SIGNAL DESIGN – HOW IS THE SIGNAL DESIGNED TO BEST CONVEY THE
CONTENT TO THE RECEIVER
- SUBJECT TO SELECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OF
THE RECEIVER BIASES
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
III. CONTEXT
A.
PARENT OFFSPRING
BEGGING IN CHICKS
-BEGGING SIGNALS HUNGER STATE (SIGNAL CONTENT)
-MORE ACTIVE (LOUD AND FREQUENT) GETS MORE FOOD
TEST: FLYCATCHERS BY OTTOSON ET AL. 87
-MALE OR FEMALE FITTED WITH CHIP
THAT ACTIVATES RECORDING OF
BEGGING UPON APPROACH
-PARENT WITH CHIP FED THE CHICKS
MORE OFTEN THAN PARENTS
WITHOUT CHIPS
-SUGGESTS THAT BEGGING
COMMUNICATES HUNGER STATUS OF
CHICK
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
III. CONTEXT
A.
PARENT OFFSPRING
DISTRESS AND HELP CALL IN CROCODILES
-
EGGS ARE LAID IN NESTS THAT HARDEN
1. UPON HATCHING, YOUNG CROCODILE CALL FOR HELP TO BREAK FREE
2. WHEN THREATEND, YOUNG
CROCODILES CALL FOR HELP
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/potm-oct00.html
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
III. CONTEXT
B. GROUP COMMUNICATION: RECOGNITION OF KIN IN A LARGE GROUP
e.g., RHESUS MACAQUES BY RENDALL ET AL. 96
-LIVE IN GROUPS
-CAN INDIVIDUALS RECOGNIZE
KIN BASED ON VOCALIZATIONS
“CONTACT CALLS”
-RECORDED AND PLAYED BACK
RECORDINGS TO SEE RESPONSE
-SIGNIFICANTLY RESPONDED TO
KIN: QUICKER AND LONGER
-SUGGESTS THAT CALL IS
FOR RECOGNITION
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
III. CONTEXT
B. DOMINANCE: AVOID CONFLICT
-FIGHTS CAN BE VERY COSTLY, SO ANIMALS
SHOULD EVOLVE SIGNALS TO AVOID
PHYSICAL FIGHTS – SIGNALS!
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
III. CONTEXT
C. PREY TO PREDATOR
1.
GAZELLLE STOTTING REDUCES LIKELIHOOD OF CHASE
& CAPTURE
SIGNAL OF GAZELLE CONDITION? BY FITZPATRICK AND FANSHAWE
SIGNAL INDIVIDUAL CONDITION
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
III. CONTEXT
C. PREY TO PREDATOR
2. UNPALATIBILITY OR TOXICITY
POISON-DART FROGS (DONDROBATIDS)
Both groups have batrachotoxins,
neurotoxins that cause paralysis.
PITOHUIS OF NEW GUINEA
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
IV. MODES OF COMMUNICATION IN VERTEBRATES
A.
VISUAL: BASED ON COLOR AND BLACK & WHITE CONTRASTS
B.
SMELL: BASED ON CHEMICALS (OLFACTORY SIGNALS)
C.
SOUND: BASED ON DISTURBANCES OF A MEDIUM LIKE AIR OR WATER
(AUDITORY)
D.
TOUCH: BASED ON STIMULATING SENSORS ON THE SKIN (TACTILE)
E.
ELECTRICAL: BASED ON CHANGING OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
clown fish, Amphiprion ocellaris
http://malawicichlids.com/index.htm
Paracheirodon axelrodi (red neon tetra)
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
Trinidad Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
• dimorphic – males smaller and colorful,
females drab and larger
• native to Trinidad &Venezuela
females prefer colorful males
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
electric fish: fish that
can perceive and create
an electric field
Can generate100V to
stun prey
Primarily used like a
radar but also used in
communication,
especially mate choice
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
electric fish mate choice by
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES:
PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. FISHES: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND ELECTRICAL
olfactory (chemical) signaling in minnows and pikes
FLATHEAD MINNOW BY CHIVERS AND
COLLEAGUES
-WHEN MINNOW IS TAKEN BY PIKE,
RELEASES CHEMICAL CUES
-ATTRACTS OTHER PIKE AND
INCREASES HANDLING TIME –
SOMETIMES ALLOW FOR ESCAPE
(5 OF 13 IN THE EXPERIMENT DID)
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY
two color forms of Dendrobates
pumilo in Panama
Preference for own Color
VISUAL – Poison dart frogs
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY
AUDITORY –
-males call out in
Spring
-females prefer
(approach) long calls
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY
AUDITORY AND VISUAL ARE NECESSARY!
e.g., Poison Dart Frog by Narins and colleagues
Is call and visible vocal sac necessary?
-just calls, no fake frog: approach, no aggression
-calls with various visual signals: see graph
*Need both sound and pulsating vocal sac
to initiate aggression
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. AMPHIBIANS: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY
OLFACTORY – SALAMANDER
Many salamanders use chemical secretion to mark territories and to attract mates
e.g., California Slender Salamander
-tested with moss with own chemicals vs. foreign
-more aggressive (ATR – trunk raised) and retreat
behavior when smelling foreign chemical
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
3. REPTILES: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY
VISUAL – ANOLIS DEWLAP
PUSH UP DISPLAYS – FENCE LIZARDS AND
AUSTRALIAN AGAMIDS
THREAT DISPLAYS ARE USED TO DEFEND
TERRITORIES
http://galliform.bhs.mq.edu.au/lizard2/
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES:
PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
3. REPTILES: VISUAL AND OLFACTORY
OLFACTORY – MARSHALL LIZARD
e.g. Lacerta monticola lizard by Martin and Lopez
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY
VISUAL SIGNALS – VOGELKOP BOWERBIRDS
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
4. BIRDS: VISUAL AND AUDITORY
AUDITORY – Song Sparrow
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
4. BIRDS: VISUAL ANDAUDITORY
usually both, in a complex courtship
e.g., White-collared manakins in Central America
-
complex dance, which involves rapid flight between samplings near ground
extension of elaborate and bright plumage
vocalizations (grunts)
snapping of wing feathers
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF
COMMUNICATION
5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY (ALSO TOUCH)
-BODY SIZE
-WEAPON SIZE
-PHYSICAL BATTLES
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES: PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY
e.g., fallow deer by Clutton-Brock and colleagues
-males aggregate in leks to attract females
-groan rate correlates with mating success
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES:
PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY AND AUDITORY
e.g., olfactory – Humans and MHC
experiment – men wore shirt for two nights in a row,
and women were blindfolded and allowed to sniff
shirts. Choose most attractive smell and relate
this to MHC alleles
results 1:
women taking contraceptives: found similar
males more attractive than dissimilar males
results 2: odors of MHC-dissimilar men
reminded women of their ex- or current
partners more often than MCH-similar males
frequency
women not taking oral contraceptives: found
disimilar males more attractive than similar
males
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
V. GENERAL OVERVIEW IN VERTEBRATES:
PREDOMINANT MODES OF COMMUNICATION
5. MAMMALS: VISUAL, OLFACTORY
AND AUDITORY (ALSO TOUCH)
e.g., all four in wolves
urine and chemicals from
scent glands communicate
territory
aggressive: teeth exposed,
ears and hair erect
howling: long-distance signaling to
pack
growling: aggressive
whimpering: submissive
submissive: ears tucked,
body low
wolves reciprocally groom
pack mates – social bonds
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
VI. SIGNAL DESIGN
HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?
A.
BASED ON ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
e.g., VISUAL SIGNALS
-ANIMAL SIGNALS HAVE TO CONTRAST THE
ENVIRONMENT (NOISE) AND BE CONSPICUOUS
-ENVIRONMENT SHOULD SELECT FOR SPECIFIC
SIGNALS THAT BEST FIT THAT ENVIRONMENT
(PART OF PROCESS CALLED SENSORY DRIVE)
-e.g., IN DARK HABITATS, MORE BRIGHT PATCHES
THAN OPEN HABITATS
Phylloscopus warblers of India
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
VI. SIGNAL DESIGN
HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?
A.
BASED ON ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
Karen Marchetti (UCSD) on Phylloscopus warblers of India
Number of Bright Patches Correlate with Lighting
Conditions
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
VI. SIGNAL DESIGN
HOW DO SIGNALS EVOLVE?
B. BASED ON RECEIVER PHYSIOLOGY
e.g., Rodd and colleagues’ work on
guppies
-Females prefer orange males
-But different populations have different
degree of preference for orange and
amount of orange in males
-guppies feed on orange fruits that fall to
the rivers
-tested several different food types, most
populations preferred orange food
-extent of preference for orange related to
extent of preference for orange males!