Transcript Slide 1

CHAPTER 1
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Three important characteristics of
communication:
• It occurs between humans
• It is a process
• It is symbolic
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Types of communication:
• Intrapersonal
• Dyadic/interpersonal
• Small group
• Public
• Mass
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Communication helps satisfy needs in
our lives:
• Physical needs
• Identity news
• Social needs
• Practical needs
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Physical needs (lack strong
relationships, 2-3 x the risk of early
death)
• Identity needs (who we are)
• Social needs (communicate
pleasure, help others, inclusion,
escape, relaxation, control)
• Practical needs (what we want
done)
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Communication skills: #1
characteristic employers
want
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Models of communication help us
understand what is involved in this
process:
• The linear model is familiar, but
overly simplistic (next)
• The transactional model better
describes how people
communicate (relational)
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Transactional model:
• Simultaneous sending and receiving
• Fluid, not static
• Relational, not individual
• Both people are responsible
for the relationship
• No one ideal way to
communicate!
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Figure 1-2 Transactional Communication Model
Communication competence is a
measure of a person’s
effectiveness.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
•Competence is situational. (I could
have handled this better because…)
•Competence is relational.
•Competence skills can be
learned.
•Choose the most appropriate
behavior.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• WIDE RANGE OF BEHAVIORS
• Say nothing.
• Ask a 3rd party to express your
feelings
• Hint at your feelings
• Joke about the issue
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• WIDE RANGE OF BEHAVIORS
• Express your discomfort in a
straightforward way
•Demand action
• How would you handle
someone you know who
repeatedly tells jokes you find
offensive?
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Empathy: Understanding the other
person’s point of view
• Cognitive Complexity: Ability to
construct frameworks for
viewing an issue.
• Self-Monitoring: Pay close
attention to your behavior
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Communication
doesn’t always require
complete understanding:
• How’s it going? Musicians in a jam
session
• Communication isn’t always a
good thing
• Value comes from how it is
used
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• No single person or event causes
another’s reaction
• Nothing happens in a vacuum (even
outbursts)
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Communication won’t solve all problems
• It takes much more
• Meanings rest in people, not words
• “He’s loaded”
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Communication isn’t as simple as it
often seems
• We get better by learning and using
the tools
• More communication isn’t
always better
• Talk a problem to death, go
beyond the sale
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• What traits do good communicators
have?
• A wide range of behaviors, not just
a few
• The ability to choose the most
appropriate behavior
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Skill at performing behaviors
• Empathy/perspective taking
• Cognitive complexity
• Self-monitoring ability
• Commitment to the relationship
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• Write down five to ten ways you
would like to communicate more
effectively?
• Boss
• Parties
• Loved one
• Most effective communication
channel to ask for help from an
instructor?
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
• ID a situation in which you are
dissatisfied with your present
communication skill.
•ID 3 potentially successful
approaches you might use
that are different than what
you have tried in the past.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Typical Exam
Questions and answers
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Which of the following is an example
of intrapersonal communication?
a. any communication which is
not face-to-face
b. a dyad sharing high levels of
self-disclosure
c. your conscience
d. watching a videotaped
speech
c.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
your conscience
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
One characteristic of human
communication is that it is symbolic. In
this symbolic communication meanings
are located in:
a. people
b. words
c. objects
d. events
a. people
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Evidence indicates marriage,
friendship, and religious and
community ties all increase longevity.
Researchers think this is true because:
a. People in these settings
experience no stress.
b. People in these settings have
better developed senses of humor.
c. These relationships help
prevent social isolation.
d. People in these settings have
higher IQs.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Evidence indicates marriage,
friendship, and religious and
community ties all increase longevity.
Researchers think this is true because:
c. These relationships help
prevent social isolation.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
The encoding process is best described
by which of the following descriptions?
a. organizing thoughts into ideas
b. receiver acknowledgment that
a message has been received
c. formulating ideas or
feelings into symbols
d. identifying feelings and
emotions
c. formulating ideas or
feelings into symbols
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
As we interact with others, we satisfy
our identity needs. As we do this, we:
a. are influenced by the reactions
of others to us
b. seek out the company of
others who confirm the identity we
already
hold
c. create messages to get others
to see us the way we want to be seen
d. all the above
d.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
all the above
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
When your teacher pauses during a
lecture because he or she notices
several frowning faces, the teacher is
illustrating that:
a. Communication is irreversible.
b. Communicators are
simultaneously senders and receivers.
c. Communication is a process.
d. Communication is not always
a good thing.
b.
Communicators are
simultaneously senders and receivers.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
When we are searching for words to
express an idea, we are involved in the
process of:
a. transmitting
b. encoding
c. assigning meaning
d. decoding
b. encoding
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Feedback is defined by your text
as:
a. a discernible response
b. a mental response
c. any response
d. a verbal response
a. a discernible response
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
John is trying to listen to a
speech but his headache
interferes. He's experiencing:
a. external noise
b. a distraction not
classified as noise
c. psychological noise
d. physiological noise
d. physiological noise
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
The type of communication most
often characterized by an unequal
distribution of speaking time is:
a. public
b. dyadic
c. intrapersonal
d. small group
a. public
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
According to your text, in most
cases successful communication
occurs when:
a. everyone is satisfied
b. the speaker is satisfied
c. the listener is satisfied
d. one person has more
sophisticated communication
skills
a.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
everyone is satisfied
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Perspective taking is associated
with:
a. channels
b. physiological noise
c. empathy
d. psychological noise
c. empathy
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Interpersonal communication,
dyadic communication, small
group communication, and public
communication all occur in
different contexts.
a. True
b. False
True---The number of participants
frames a different context for
each.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
A receiver's act of assigning
meaning to a symbol is called
encoding.
a. True
b. False
False---This refers to
decoding.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Communication helps satisfy
most of our human needs.
a. True
b. False
True
The text says this directly and
describes the needs as physical,
social, ego, and practical.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Noise can be internal and/or
external.
a. True
b. False
True
External noise is physical noise.
Internal noise is what the text
calls psychological noise.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Your text claims that skillful
communication can solve most of
the world's problems.
a. True
b. False
False
Clear and accurate communication
can help solve some problems but
it can also identify irresolvable
differences.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Skilled communicators can
quickly pick out which party is to
blame when communication fails.
a. True
b. False
False
Skilled communicators see
assigning blame is fruitless
and counterproductive.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Meanings rest in people, not in
words.
a.
True
b.
False
True
Communication is symbolic and
the words we use to communicate
are arbitrary and personal.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Symbols can be either verbal or
nonverbal.
a.
True
b.
False
True
Both can be given symbolic
meaning.
Understanding Human Communication, Ninth Edition
Adler/Rodman
Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.