Transcript Communications

Civil Air Patrol
Performing Missions For America
Crew
Resource
Management
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
We Don’t Crash By
Compartments
This CAP instructor pilot was giving two other CAP pilots mountain flying training. Restrictions
associated with flying course reversal maneuvers close to terrain were briefed during the ground
training session earlier that day. However, during the flight, eye witnesses observed the airplane doing
several course reversal maneuvers in a draw at a very low altitude above the trees. They failed to
follow procedures. Three CAP members dead.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Effective CRM?
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Crew Resource Management
 CRM is a methodology of the
interaction of human factors skills and
crewmembers in the flying
environment.
 It is designed to minimize human errors and
their effects.
 CRM is a process that develops as an attitude
over time.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Crew Resource Management
 Error Management Goal
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Skills of CRM
Mission / Flight Analysis
Assertiveness
Decision Making
Communication
Leadership
Adaptability and Flexibility
Situational Awareness
Workload Management
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Mission / Flight Analysis
What is Mission / Flight Analysis?
Phases of Mission / Flight Analysis
Preflight
In-flight
Post flight
Preflight Analysis
Planning
Preparation
Briefing
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Mission / Flight Analysis
Briefing continued
Characteristics of an Effective Brief
Professional
Stay Focused
Assigns Responsibilities
Interactive
Complete
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Mission / Flight Analysis
In-Flight Mission Analysis
Short-term Planning
Monitoring Mission Progress
Identifying and Reporting Challenges or Changes
Post Mission Analysis
Selective Review
Interactive
Timely
Performing Missions For America
Assertiveness
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
What is Assertiveness?
Comfort Level
Behavior Continuum
Barriers to Assertiveness
Position of Authority
Experience
Do you think the CAP student pilot
was comfortable with the instructor
pilots decision to take off from the
taxiway?
Rank
Lack of Confidence
Fear of Reprisal
The student was seriously injured –
but lived. The instructor pilot died.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Decision Making
What is Decision Making?
Assessing the Problem
Verifying Information
Identifying Solutions
Anticipating Consequences of Decisions
Informing Others of Decision and Rationale
Evaluation Decisions
Performing Missions For America
Decision Making
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
 Be Alert for:
 “What’s it doing now?”
 “Where are we?”
 “Is this safe?”
 “I’m uncomfortable with this!”
 “This is stupid!”
 “Knock it off”
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Decision Making
Performing Missions For America
Decision Making
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
 Traps
 Definition
 Decision Making Traps occur in the process
when, for certain reasons, crewmembers do not
follow the normal decision making process but
instead, jump between the cognitive steps.

These “short cuts” are defined as Heuristics.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Decision Making
Trapped by a Heuristics?
Performing Missions For America
Decision Making
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
 Description
 This short cut or trap is the result of crews
incorrectly reacting to situations, which appear
to be familiar.
 This arbitrary course of action often ignores
important information simply because many of
the other characteristics of the given situation
fit a preconceived experienced scenario.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Decision Making
 Skills
 Heuristics occur due to:
 Failure to follow procedures
 Interpersonal conflicts
 Failure to manage workload
 Shared misconceptions
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Communication
What is Communication?
You don’t need audio to hear
what our pilot is saying.
Types of Communication
Verbal (Involves words)
Non-Verbal (Everything but words)
Process of Communication
Sender’s Responsibility
Communicate in the Appropriate Mode
Verbal versus Non-Verbal
Convey Information Accurately and Concisely
Provide Information at the Appropriate Time
Request Verification or Feedback
Performing Missions For America
Communication
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Receivers Responsibility
Actively Listen
Active verses Passive Role
Take Action as a Result of Communication
Answer or Respond to Communication
Ask for Clarification of Unclear Communication
The PIC in the right seat allowed the
pilot-qualified scanner in the left seat to
fly the search. The pilot thought he saw
something and wanted another look.
The PIC told him to turn right (away from
terrain). He turned left and crashed.
Two dead and one seriously burned.
Performing Missions For America
Communication
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
 Description

Crew communication is imperative to flight safety.
 It can be both learned and improved through clearly
defined roles and responsibilities and through the
practice of standard terminology and procedures.
 Critical skills for effective crew communication are




Active listening
Honesty
Openness
Trust.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Communication
 Communication Techniques
 Self Disclosure - this is a statement used to
reveal something about yourself or how you
feel.

As an example: “Well, I am not comfortable about
that decision; however, I do not see any way around
it. We'll have to go with it.” This develops a feeling of
trust and is also a good way to give nonauthoritarian instruction.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Communication Filters
 Gender
 Distractions
 Status
 Culture
 Experience Level
 Preconceived ideas
 Personality
 Female Bias
 ATC interruptions
 Education
 Rank
 Boredom
 Race
 Noise
 Background
 Weather
 Language
 Confusion
 Authority
 Slang
 Age
Performing Missions For America
Leadership
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
What is Leadership
Types of Leadership
Designated Leadership
Responsible
Makes Final Decision
Normal Mode of Leadership
Functional Leadership
Leadership by Knowledge or Expertise
Occurs When the Need Arises
Performing Missions For America
Leadership
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Responsibilities of Leadership
Crew Performance
Direct Actions
Ask for Assistance
Note tree in the cockpit. A few
feet back and it would have been
a riveting experience.
The check pilot allowed the examinee to touch down half way down the runway with
excessive airspeed. They attempted a go around after it was apparent they could not
stop the airplane short of the trees at the end of the runway. The go around didn't work
out. Both survived by the grace of God.
Performing Missions For America
Leadership
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Traits of an Effective Leader
Respected
Decisive
Delegates Tasks
Provides Feedback
Leads by Example
Keeps Crew Informed
Open to Suggestions
Builds Team Spirit
Directs and Coordinates Activities
Maintains a Professional Atmosphere
Knowledgeable of how to do the Mission
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Adaptability & Flexibility
What is Adaptability and Flexibility?
Situations That Require Quick Action
When Un-briefed Situations Arise
When a Routine Mission Becomes an Emergency
When Transitions Occur
When a Crew Member is Incapacitated
When Interactions Are Strained
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Adaptability & Flexibility
Maintaining Adaptability and Flexibility
Anticipate Problems
Recognize and Acknowledge any Changes
Offer Alternative Solutions
Provide and Ask for Assistance
Interact Constructively with Others
This cadet orientation pilot allowed
the air traffic situation to rush his
take off and climb. He stalled and
spun on his turn to crosswind leg.
1 senior member & 2 cadets dead.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Adaptability & Flexibility
Setting the Tone for Adaptability and
Flexibility
Establish an Open, Professional Atmosphere
Ensure the Crew Understands the Mission
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Situational Awareness
What is Situational Awareness?
Perception Versus Reality
View of the Situation
Incoming Information
Expectations and Biases
Incoming Information Versus Expectations
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Situational Awareness
Factors That Reduce Situational Awareness
Insufficient Communication
Fatigue / Stress
Task Overload
Task Under Load
Press On Regardless Philosophy
This CAP pilot was turned down by
several flight release officers for a
return flight from a SAR/EX because
the mountain wave turbulence had
been reported by several pilots to be
bad. He finally found a flight release
officer to release him and his nonpilot passenger. His airplane never
made it over the ridge. Two dead.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Workload Management
 Definition
 Workload Management is the process of evenly
distributing activities by planning, prioritizing
and assigning tasks to individual crewmembers.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Workload Management
 Goals
 The goals of managing workload are:
 Monitoring individual’s workload
 Identifying times of overload
 Communicating task saturation to other
crewmembers
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Workload Management
 Boundary Management
 Definition
 Boundary Management is a concept that helps
crewmembers to visualize the parameters
(boundaries) we operate within while dealing
with various workloads placed upon us as
crewmembers.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Workload Management
Skills
Performing Missions For America
Teamwork
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
 Collaborating involves open lines of
communication to identify and
acknowledge each other’s needs,
concerns and goals, while identifying
alternative resolutions.
 “What is right?”
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Crew Resource Management
 Skills
 It is not “who is right”, but “what is right.”
 If you keep that in mind, you will most always
make the right decision when dealing with
conflict.
Performing Missions For America
U.S. AIR FORCE
AUXILIARY
Performing Missions For America