Transcript Grice8_Chapter_01

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Suzanne J. Atkin,
Portland State
University
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Why Study Public Speaking?
• Personal Benefits
• Professional
Benefits
• Public Benefits
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Why Study Public Speaking?
• Personal benefits
– Acquire academic skills
– Gain knowledge
– Build self-confidence
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Why Study Public Speaking?
…continued
• Professional benefits
– Advance in your career
– Secure employment
• Public benefits
– Play your role as a member of society
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Definition of Communication
• The process of sharing meaning by
sending and receiving symbolic cues
– Interpreter
– Symbol
– Referent
•People create
meaning;
words do not
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Levels of Communication
•
•
•
•
•
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Group
Public
Mass
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Levels of Communication
• Intrapersonal
– Cognition or thought; communicating with
one’s self
• Interpersonal
– Communication between individuals in pairs;
also called dyadic communication
• Group
– Three or more people interacting and hoping to
influence one another to pursue a common goal
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Levels of Communication
…continued
• Public
– One person communicating face to face with
an audience
• Mass
– One person or group communicating to a
large audience through some print or
electronic medium
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7 Elements of Communication
• Speaker
– The sender, encoder, or source of the message
• Encoding
– The process of selecting symbols to carry a message
• Message
– Ideas communicated verbally and nonverbally
• Listener
– The receiver, or decoder, of the message
• Decoding
– The process of attaching meanings to symbols received
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7 Elements of Communication
…continued
• Feedback
– Verbal and nonverbal responses between
communicators about the clarity or
acceptability of messages
• Channel
– The way a message is sent
• Environment
– The occasion, social context, and physical
setting for communication
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7 Elements of Communication
…continued
• Noise
– Anything that distracts from effective
communication
• Physical Noise
– Distractions originating in the physical environment
• Physiological Noise
– Distractions originating in the bodies of
communicators
• Psychological Noise
– Distractions originating in the thoughts of
communicators
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Communication Elements Model
Figure 1.2
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The Public Speaker as Critical Thinker
• Critical Thinking
– The logical, reflective examination of
information and ideas to determine what to
believe or do.
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Critical Thinking Skills
This skill. . .
enables you to. . .
Focusing
Define problems, set goals,
select information
Information Gathering Formulate questions, collect
data
Remembering
Store and retrieve information
Organizing
Arrange information
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Critical Thinking Skills
…continued
This skill. . .
enables you to. . .
Analyzing
Clarify existing information
Generating
Use prior knowledge
Integrating
Combine, summarize, and
restructure information
Assess the quality of ideas
Evaluating
Adapted from Robert J. Marzano, Ronald S. Brandt, Carolyn Sue Hughes, Beau Fly Jones, Barbara Z. Presseisen, Stuart C. Rankin, and Charles Suhor,
Dimensions of Thinking: A Framework for Curriculum and Instruction (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1988)
66, 70–112. Copyright 1988 by ACSD. Reprinted with permission of the publishers.
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What’s The Take Home Message?
• Public speaking skills can help you
personally, professionally, publicly
• Communication is the process of shared
meaning
• There are five levels of communication
• There are seven elements of
communication
• Public speaking exercises eight critical
thinking skills
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