Transcript Operational Communication

Aeronautical
Operational Communication
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Peter Lemme
Agenda – wrt “aero operational comms”
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What is it?
How has it evolved?
What are its key characteristics?
How is it regulated?
How does a new radio system get approved for it?
Where is it headed (my guess)?
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
Operational Communication
Peter Lemme
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DISCLAIMER
• The information presented is believed to be up-to-date
and accurate as it applies to air transport
– I make mistakes
• The purpose is educational, and should not be the relied
on for any other purpose
– This is not a formal consultation
• The presenter is not a current and active participant in
many of the regulatory processes described
– Changes and mis-understanding are possible
• The presenter has relied on publicly available data
– May be ignorant of key system attributes
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safety and regularity
aeronautical mobile route (R) services
aeronautical mobile satellite route (R) services
other purposes
aeronautical mobile off-route (OR) services
aeronautical mobile satellite off-route (OR) services
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Aeronautical Mobile Satellite (Route) Service - AMS(R)S
Aeronautical Mobile (Route) Service – AM(R)S
• Air Traffic Services
– Governing traffic management
• Aeronautical Operational Control
– Established between airplane and its operator
– Information regarding status of flight
– Promoting efficient and timely service
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Aeronautical Communication Safety Spectrum
• AM(R)S ONLY
2.850 – 22.000 MHz
117.975 – 137.000 MHz
Note 132-137 MHz may be shared with AM(OR)S
• AMS(R)S ONLY
1544-1545, 1645.5-1646.5 MHz
• AMS(R)S (SHARED, PRIORITY)
1545-1555, 1646.5-1656.5 MHz
1555-1559, 1656.5-1660.5 MHz (US ONLY)
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Priority
Route Service Communications are categorized
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2.
3.
4.
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Urgent / Distress
Flight Safety
Meteorological
Flight Regularity
Higher priority communication must get
preferred treatment over lower communication
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Concerns over congestion
More demanding performance assurance
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Urgent / Distress - ATS
• Generally Voice ONLY
– No time to “retry”
• Imminent collision – airspace violation
• Airplane emergency
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Flight Safety
ATS
• Clearance
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Taxi
Departure
ATC
Downstream
AOC
Flight plan uplink
Load sheet
Electronic Library
Notice to airmen
• Automatic Terminal
Information Service (ATIS)
• Significant weather
• Traffic information
• Automatic Dependent
Surveillance (ADS)
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Meteorological - AOC
• Weather reports
– Textual
• METAR
• TAF
– Graphical
• Advisory
• Strategic
• Supplementary to onboard weather radar
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Flight Regularity
ATS
• Flight update
– Sequence / slots
– Flow management
– De-icing
AOC
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Flight status
Maintenance
Out-Off-On-In
log book
Cabin, Technical, Flight
• Fuel
• Gate and connecting
flight status
• Engine reports
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How has it evolved?
ATS
HF voice
VHF voice
ARINC 623 ACARS
Inmarsat Voice
VHF/Inmarsat FANS 1/A
ATN
Iridium FANS 1/A
Iridium Voice (?)
Single Focus Workshop
25 March 2010
AOC
HF voice
VHF voice
VHF ACARS
Inmarsat ACARS
Inmarsat Voice
HF ACARS
Iridium Voice
Iridium ACARS
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Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting System
ACARS - VHF
• Character-based messaging protocol
– established in 1978
– aircraft movement messages (OOOI)
– Hundreds of message formats and applications
• Legacy VHF
25 kHz channel
2.4 kbps simplex
• ACARS over AVLC (AOA)
25 kHz channel
31.5 kbps simplex
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Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting System
ACARS (other than VHF)
• Inmarsat Classic (P, R, T):
0.3 – 10.5 kbps duplex
DO-215A, DO-210D, DO-270, ICAO SARPS
• HF Data
3 kHz channel
0.3 – 1.8 kbps simplex
DO-265, DO-277
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Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting System
ACARS - Emerging
• Iridium SBD
up to 15 kbits per message
DO-262
• Iridium RUDICS
2.4 kbps duplex circuit
• Inmarsat SBB
Up to 432 kbps
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Character-Oriented ATS Applicaions
• ARINC 623 ACARS Messages
• Departure Clearance
ED-85A
• ATIS
ED-89A
• Oceanic Clearance
ED-106A, Shanwick, Gandor
• Terminal Weather Information for Pilots
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Future Air Navigation System
FANS 1/A
• Started in 1983, first certificated in June 1995
• ACARS application
Encapsulated bit oriented message
Embedded with 32-bit CRC
Airways Facilities Notification (AFN)
ARINC 622, DO-258A, ED-100A
DO-306, ED-122
• Controller-Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC)
DO-219
• Automatic Dependant Surveillance (ADS)
DO-212
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Aeronautical Telecommunications Network
ATN
• Initiative begun in 1980’s
– OSI 7 layer architecture
• Connectionless network protocol
• Inter-domain routing protocol
– Mobility routing
– Accounting
– Security
• ARINC 623 and FANS 1/A ACARS ATS applications slowed
deployment
FANS 1/A – ATN Interoperability Standard DO-305, ED-154
• 2001 operational
– ATN Build 1 DO-280B / ED-110B, DO-290 / ED0129
– VDL-Mode 2 DO-281, ED-92A
– Inmarsat, HF, Mode S
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ATN Applications
• ICAO Doc 9705 defines ATN as
applications and internetwork
• CPDLC protected mode (PM)
• ADS
• FIS
• Context Management (CM)
• ICAO Doc 9880 revised standard
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ATN over IP
• ICAO Doc 9896 specifies ATN operation
over the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS)
– Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
– Mobile IP (MIP)
– IPsec and IKEv2 security
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Broadcast Data Link
• Automatic Dependant Surveillance
– Mode S Extended Squitter (ES)
DO-260A
• Flight Information Service (FIS)
– VDL Mode 2
DO-267A
• Traffic Information Service (TIS)
– Advisory ONLY
– Mode S ES
DO-286A, DO-260A
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AMS(R)S VOICE
• Pilot to Controller direct voice capability
– HF Voice usually has intermediate radio operator
• Integrated audio controls
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Simultaneous, multi-crew support
Audio panel
Headphone, speaker, microphone, oxygen mask
Cockpit voice recorder
• Integrated control and display
– MCDU
– EICAS comm messages
• ICAO 24 bit telephone number
• ATC short codes
DO-231
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International Telecommunication Union - ITU
• Created in 1932
– International Telegraph Union
– International Radio Telegraph Union
• August 1947, the United Nations recognized
the ITU
– specialized agency in the field of telecommunications
– other specialized agencies, such as ICAO, would not be
barred from any kind of work touching upon aeronautical
telecommunications including standardization activities.
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International Telecommunication Union - ITU
• Agreements made are accorded treaty status
– full mandatory force
• without any possibility for variation
– Scope
– Substance
• except by agreement at a further conference.
• Treaty requirements are exercised through the Radio
Regulations
– For the regulation of the radio frequency spectrum,
– World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC)
• held every two to three years.
1995 – 1997 – 2000 – 2003 - 2007
WRC-12 23 Jan – 17 Feb 2012 Geneva, Switzerland
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International Telecommunication Union - ITU
• All aspects of telecommunications
– Line
– Radio transmission
– 9 kHz to 275 GHz
– allocated to user services in response to their recognized demands
• Standards
– Systems
– Technical parameters
– Procedures
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International Civil Aviation Organization
ICAO
• United Nations specialized agency with recognized
competence in matters related to aviation safety
• Under Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil
Aviation,
– ICAO is empowered to adopt and amend international SARPs in
all aviation matters including aeronautical communications
systems and air navigation aids.
– the highest practicable degree of uniformity is seen as essential
to facilitate and improve the safety of air navigation.
• System characteristics are laid down in Annex 10 to the
ICAO Convention
• Interoperability of systems on a global basis demands
that frequency allocations be available worldwide and,
preferably, also exclusive.
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ICAO input to ITU
• ITU is the recognized international body for the regulation and use of
the radio frequency spectrum for aviation
– ITU Radio Regulations
– ITU-R Recommendations
• ICAO coordinates the aeronautical input to ITU discussions on radio
frequency spectrum matters.
• ICAO participates at meetings of the ITU-R study groups
common system technical standards
maximum levels of tolerable interference
measures to control and resolve interference incidents
frequency planning criteria
the preparation of frequency plans
distress and safety procedures.
• ICAO is accorded observer status at relevant ITU WRCs
• National regulation by national telecommunication authorities.
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ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices
(SARPS)
• Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation
– Aeronautical Telecommunications
Volume II – Communication Procedures
Volume III – part 1 Digital Data Communication Systems
Volume III – part 2 Voice Communication Systems
Volume V - Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization
• SARPS
• Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS)
• Guidance material on aeronautical communication,
navigation and surveillance systems
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Single Focus Workshop
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Performance Assurance
• Means of compliance may not require
precedence or pre-emption
– Required Communication Performance (RCP)
• Simultaneous use of a radio for AMS(R)S and
non-safety application (administrative or public
communication) is permitted as long as
performance is compliant and can be assured
Regulate the performance, not the design
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RCP
• Priority categorization allows consistency
in performance assurance and thus
predictable safety margin
– As applied to tandem communications
networks
• Suitability is based on the message
– Some messages have RCP beyond what a
given radio service can provide
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Single Focus Workshop
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Single Focus Workshop
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RCP 400 AMS(R)S Voice
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
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Preferred voice and packet data
Preferred multi-channel
ITU frequency allocated for AMS(R)S
Electro-Magnetic Compatible with other
airplane equipment to support safety and
regularity
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
(continued)
• Communication transmitted in priority
order
– No delay from lower priority communication
– Voice is higher priority than data
• Loss of comm announced within 30
seconds of detection
• Aircraft maneuvering
+20 to -5 deg pitch
25 deg roll
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
(continued)
• Means to prevent message tampering
• Protection against denial-of-service
• Protection against degraded performance
or reduced capacity due to external attack
• Means to prevent unauthorized access
– Spoofing, phantom controller
• ICAO 24 bit aircraft address
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
Packet Data Service Performance
• Constituent mobile sub-network of the
Aeronautical Telecommunication Network
(ATN)
– May also support non-ATN data functions
• Connection establishment less than 70
seconds
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
Packet Data Service Performance
• Air to ground transit delay limit (128 octets)
– 23 seconds for flight safety
– 28 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity
• Ground to air transit delay limit (128 octets)
– 12 seconds for flight safety
– 28 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity
• Air to ground data transfer (128 octets, 95th percentile)
– 40 seconds for flight safety
– 60 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity
• Ground to air data transfer (128 octets, 95th percentile)
– 15 seconds for flight safety
– 30 seconds for meteorological or flight regularity
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AMS(R)S Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS)
Voice Performance
• Air to ground call initiation (95th percentile)
– 20 seconds to terrestrial network interface
• Ground to air call initiation (95th percentile)
– 20 seconds from terrestrial network interface
• 485 msec max latency
• Less than 1% of call blockage
– Assuming all lower priority calls dropped
– Erlang analysis (network sizing)
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ICAO NGSS Acceptability Criteria (1999)
(beyond SARPS)
• Provide service on non-discriminatory basis
• Commit to six years from initial operational capability for
AMS(R)S
– Three years notice to cease service
– Existing levels of service maintained while new services can be
added
• Service provider, satellite operator, and avionics supplier
active participant in ICAO and RTCA/EUROCAE
standards development
• Disclosure of system implementation including failure
modes and effects
• Declared, near-global coverage
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RTCA, Inc.
• Not-for-profit corporation
• FAA federal advisory committee
• Minimum Aviation System Performance
Standards (MASPS)
• Minimum Operational Performance
Standards (MOPS)
• Guidance Documents
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EUROCAE
• Recognized by:
– European Commission
• Prepare European “norms”
– European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
• Technical documents regarding aviation safety
ETSO
– FAA
• Collaborator with RTCA, SAE, ARINC in developing aviation
standards
– ICAO
• Participant in study and standardization groups
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Single Focus Workshop
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Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)
Meteorological (MET)
• RTCA SC-206 / EUROCAE WG-76
DO-308
• Performance based communication requirement - RCP
• Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)
• AIS
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Nav data
Charts
Instrument procedure
Terrain and obstacle data
• MET
– Immediate, near-term, planning decision making
• Flight safety and advisory data
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Standards for Air Traffic Data Communication Services
• RTCA SC-214 / EUROCAE WG 78
– NextGen (US)
– Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR)
• CPDLC
• ADS-C
• Safety and Performance Standard for Advanced ATS
Data Communication
DO-290
• Interoperability Standard for Data Communication
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Via ATN
Via ARINC 623
Via a mix of ATN and FANS 1/A
Via IP
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Inmarsat AMS(R)S
• RTCA SC-222
• As applicable to DO-210D, DO-262A, DO270A
– Harmonize with update ICAO AMS(R)S
SARPS adopted Feb 2007
– Harmonize with the FCC sanctioned
agreement between Inmarsat and MSV
– Add provision for AMS(R)S using Swift
Broadband
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AMS(R)S Next Generation Satellite Services
and Equipment
• RTCA SC-215 (dormant)
• MOPS for Avionics that support NextGeneration Satellite Systems (NGSS)
DO-262A and Iridium normative appendix
• MASPS for the AMS(R)S as Used in
Aeronautical Data Links
DO-270 Iridium System Specific Attachment
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Informal South Pacific ATS Co-ordinating Group (ISPACG)
FANS Interoperability Team
• Report from FAA Performance-based
Operations Aviation Rulemaking committee
(PARC) evaluation of FANS 1/A ACARS
messaging using Iridium SBD (FOI)
– RCP 240 for comm (30/30 separation)
– Surveillance type 180
– Testing underway, perfomance comparable to
Inmarsat
– Iridium SBD 5.2 upgrade should improve performance
(April 2010)
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Dispatch Relief
• Dual HF voice is mandated
– SatCom Voice for one HF channel
• Pilot to radio operator
• RCP 400
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FAA AC120-70A Operational Authorization for
use of Data Link Communication System
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Design approval (AC 20-140)
Part 121 flightcrew qualification
Training
MMEL / MEL
Differences
Maintenance
Procedures and good practices
Event reporting
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FAA AC 20-140 Guidelines for Design Approval of
Aircraft Data Communications Systems
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New Radio Systems
• Aircell (849-851, 894-895 MHz) FCC
commercial Air-Ground Radiotelephone
Service
• 802.11
– ISM 2.4-2.5 GHz
– ISM 5.725-5.875 GHz
• 802.16 (licensed/unlicensed 2 – 66 GHZ)
• Cellular (GSM)
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25 March 2010
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New Satellite Radio Systems
• L band
– Inmarsat SBB
• capable of AMS(R)S bands
• In-process MOPS, MASPS, SARPS
– Iridium
• MOPS, MASPS, SARPS adopted
• AMSS, secondary
• ITU AMS(R)S designation
– unable to confirm per footnote 5.367
• Ku band (secondary AMSS)
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Panasonic
Viasat Yonder
ARINC Skylink
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Where are we headed?
next five years – my guess
• Iridium approved for FANS 1/A, ACARS, voice
• Inmarsat SBB AMS(R)S approval
• AMS(R)S voice = one HF radio
• ATN applications support
– Native Inmarsat classic, to be confirmed SBB
– Iridium ATN support over IP
• Other public IP networks near-term Route designation not
likely
– Supplementary service
• Can’t ignore technology if it truly can benefit
• Can’t ignore safety and approving regulatory basis
– No dispatch relief
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