Genderized Leadership: Gender and Social Influence
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Transcript Genderized Leadership: Gender and Social Influence
Genderized Leadership:
Gender and Social Influence
Psychological research shows that
effective leadership is dependent
upon gender
Historically
Gender
difference in influenceability
The extent to which men and women are
influenced by others
Effect
of a person’s gender on their ability
to influence others
Effective management
Career achievement
Increases in salary
What are little boys made of?
Frogs
Snails
Puppy
dog tails
What are little girls made of?
Sugar
Spice
Everything
nice
Gender Differences in Exerting
Influence
Mixed-sex
groups
Men exert more influence
Boys exert more influence
Attempts by girls or women are more likely to
be ignored
Contributions by men
Receive
more attention from other group members
Have a greater effect on group decisions
Gender Composition Effects: Gender
of recipient of influence attempts
Expectation
states theory
Gender effects depend on the salience of
gender as a status characteristic
Males
are more persuaded by males
Adults
Jr. Highers
Toddlers
Preschoolers
2-6 year old children
Gender Composition Effects: Proportion
of males and females in an interaction
Why
is there a disadvantage for females
when they are the minority?
Highlights gender stereotypes
Elicits greater gender-stereotypical behavior
Task
Contribution
Individual male contribution increases as
males in the group decrease
Individual female contribution decreases as
females in the group decrease
Communication Style used by
Influence Agent: Competence
Supporting
opinions with evidence
Women that do are more influential than
women that do not
Men’s influence is relatively high without
evidence
Both
genders equally benefit:
Speaking in a clear, fluent, and competent
manner
When they have an unusual expertise on the
topic of persuasion
Communication Style used by
Influence Agent: Competence
Possessing
important and unique
information
Increased males influence
Decreased females influence
Competent
direct displays
Interfere with women’s influence
Women greater influence with an indirect style
Males
are more threatened by and less
inclined to like a competent woman
Communication Style used by
Influence Agent: Dominance
Controlling
Threatening
Forceful
Agonistic
Direct
disagreement
Verbal/non-verbal cues of aggression
Interruptions
Speaking in a loud voice
Pointing at others
Having a stern expression
Communication Style used by
Influence Agent: Dominance
Face-to-face
discussions of gender neutral
topics:
Direct disagreement by women produces
overt hostility or tension
Non-verbal
dominance
More acceptable in men than women
Teachers
of young children
Ignore negative influence attempts by girls
Attend to negative assertions of boys
Communication Style used by Influence
Agent: Warmth and Communality
Stereotype
of female warmth has become
prescriptive
Better receptiveness when women are warm and
communal
Self-promotion decreases influence
Behaviors
that increase influence for women:
Smiling
Expressing agreement
Showing support for others
Stating that one is motivated to help others
Communication Style used by Influence
Agent: Warmth and Communality
Male
resistance is tempered when women
combine competence with warmth
Using rapid, unhesitating and clear language
COMBINED WITH
Cues for warmth: smiling, nodding, agreeing
Men
can influence others without being liked
Women must be likeable to be influential
Communication Style used by Influence
Agent: Gender Bias of Task
Males
are generally presumed more
competent and more influential
Even greater in contexts that are stereotypically
masculine
Also in gender-neutral contexts
EX: sports topics
Women
are more influential in stereotypical
feminine situations
EX: fear of crime
VID
Conclusions
Effectiveness
requires competence
Men more than women
Women legitimate in female domains
Women have extra burden of establishing their
competence
Males competence is taken for granted VID
It
is men, more than women, who resist female
influence
Gender effect is due to resistance to female
influence
Point out benefit and value of women’s
contributions
Conclusions
Following
gender role norms is more
influential than not
Influence is a male gender role
Behavior of female influence receives more
attention than that of males VID
Warmth
and Communality reduce resistance
to women’s influence
Likeableness benefits men
Likeableness is essential for women
VID
Conclusions
Communal
behaviors should not be seen as
weak or deferent
Can be a means to influence and the basis of
referent power
Women’s access to sources of power is limited V
Competent
behavior can enhance influence
and reduce likeability
Complex interaction between perceived
competence to influence and prescriptive demand
for warmth
Conclusions
Women
leading in a democratic manner have
more favorable evaluations
Women show higher levels of communal behavior
Men show higher levels of task behavior
Gender
stereotypes will likely change and
become more favorable to women
This may already be weakening
Women can enhance influence by combining
highly competent behavior with warmth
Organizations can endorse authority of women
and publicize contributions of female leaders VID