Transcript Snímek 1
Social communication Ing. Jiří Šnajdar Mgr. Evžen Staněk 2013 Social communication Communicare – (lat.) to give something to somebody, to share something with someone, to change information. Social (interpersonal) communication is exchange of information between people, including changes and forming (formulation) of information, also distorting of information. Forms of communication • Verbal means (language, writing) • Non-verbal means (gesture, expression etc.) Angelma (Greek) is information, message, news. In "Introduction to the theory of communication"written by Šmok uses author this neologism as general term, that represents all other genre different terms, starts with art-science artefact and finishes with sociologicpsychological object. ANGELMA – communication, message Notice how simply and clearly is possible to denominate this phenomenon (it) and include into coherence. So we consider in this task for angelma artistic work, news message also companies´ database on internet, advertising for Pokemon, alike vulgar billboard or marketing mix. So algelma is contents – what is transmitted by any medium. Coding in communication Each angelma message goes through three phases. • coding by broadcaster of message • de-coding by recipient of message. • Between position 1. And 2. can arise communication noise Communication noise in angelma When the message is not code correctly or wrong “read” , it can be explain differently or can be misunderstood. There might not be verbal communication. Sometimes a gesture is enough. The closer are the cultures of broadcaster and recipient of angelma, the more the noise is eliminated. The more distant are the cultures, the bigger is possibility of even fatal noise. Note • Sign O.K. make divers, also climbers, sailors, pilots by gesture – connection of thumb and index finger in an arch. • However in Japan means this gesture “money” and in Turkey marks traditionally this gesture “I kill you”. Communication process (Laswell model) • Who ? (hands over angelma) – communicator • What ? (which angelma) – message • How ? (technology and technique of transmission) – channel • To whom ? (orientation of message) recipient – auditorium • Which what effect ? (technique of measurement of effect) Priority of communication process In sequence of importance of Laswell model is accentuate on point 3. “HOW?”. It means to code the message so, that the sense is understood by recipient in correspondence with communicator. In homogenous culture ambience are less problems than in multicultural.. “How” must be qualified by cultural habits of recipints. Note Advertising promotion of the company Johnson for shampoo was in the USA oriented on women over 40 years. And was successful. But in Spain this advertising was ineffective even negative. There the age of women is taboo. And no women wanted to by a shampoo, thaw would identify her even if virtual with age. Forms of communication • Verbal (Verbal (uses a specific sign system - a word, handwriting). It has territorial to local character and in the territorial boundary is changed markedly. (individual national languages). • Non-verbal movement, gesture, sign, sound and speed of language and other paralinguistic speech. They have mostly inter territorial to global character. (Some signs are valid in whole civilised world, some have in different cultures different or contrary meaning). The question is not only gestures, which can have in different parts of the world different meanings. Different meaning can have for example numerals. In Euro American hotels are missing numerals “13” on doors (to be sure). Asia does not know superstition about unlucky thirteen. Variously, mostly negatively is explained the meaning of number “9” or “11”. Note White colour in Euro American culture is counted as colour of optimism, innocence, purity (wedding dress). Conversely the whole Far East, China, Mongolia, Japan understands the white colour as funeral colour. “Speech of colours” can be different, with different territorial explanation. When we prepare for an old descendant of famous Japanese family a hotel bed with white canopy, he will not be happy. Verbal communication Language as communicator contains pitfall of interpretation. One language has for one notion more lexical shapes with different, but important differentiation, which miss other languages. Common communication noises arise by inaccurate understanding of translation. Example Czech word “hra” has in English meanings : “game” and “play”. In first case it is especially competitive kind of game, in the second case means adjective “playful”. Complications arise for example in the field of dramatic education (form of education and personal training) where are used and mutually differentiated two types of game. Something happens as “game” and something as “play”. It is not possible to translate the meaning of principles (according to Breyn Way) into Czech language without long description of “games”. Play Game Non-verbal communication Is the source of most common misunderstandings, inexact interpretation in intercultural sphere. The verbal communication complement : • Proximity – distance between people during communication • Mimic – speech of face muscles, mainly around mouth and eyes • Gesticulation – usage of hand gestures during communication touches , that are usual in social contact • Eyes play – usage of different modality, sound of speech Example In Arabian countries is the radical disagreement expressed by head wince upwards, accompanied by eyebrow lift and sound – something like clicking. It express the feeling of an Arab : “Allah sees it “ – stupidity or inequity, harm or offence. European often think mistakenly that this is expression of wonder or admiration ,even agreement. Example Touch is always problematical in intercultural relation, it is necessary to know national traditions. European shake hands. Belgian and German more often and warmly than English. Arabian, Orthodox (Russian, Ukraine) but also French and Italian are kissing. Japanese greet by curtsy and they touch as little as possible. Limitations in social communication • Outside communication – outer (excessive noise, uncomfortable chairs, hot in the room, poor lighting, bad air) • Outside communication – inner (disturbances are physical and psychical factors of individual recipients. Time pressure, headache and other illness, bad emotional harmony) Limitations in social communication inside communication • Non – harmonious status. It develops especially in intercultural communication. Structure of company is different or mutually unknowing. If both sides are on different levels of company´s chart, necessarily must arise one-way communication only from upper position to lower position. Further arise other disadvantages. The lower positioned has not mandate for decision-making, upper positioned can take offence that an equivalent partner does not communicate with him. • Limitations in communication skills of one partner (or both partners) Example The company TA Consulting advice its American managers, coming to Europe : Behave in Europe like visiting your old rich aunt. Dress well, do not chew, do not smoke and do not use Christian names – in Europe exist polite form and you-form. In Germany you must be abnormally exact, in Italy in normal to shake hand with everybody and to use right titles - Italians hang on it. Do not believe when the Czechs are nice to you, they may not be sincere. Hungarians are open and Polish very proud. To learn cursorily their history and do not mention Russians. Example Conversely an American student describes on web sides our mentality : “Czechs have national pride. An opinion prevail : We were hundreds of years under monarchy, then came Hitler, than Russians and when we were finally free, pushes America to us. Probably this is why Czechs deprecate everything foreign. We came to them too fast. We though that they will be thinking like us immediately. “ Conflicting situations • argumentation is not logic any more • authority respect is sinking • interpretation on past or current event is distorted • lost of self-control • mutual verbal persecuting, shouting, offences • restriction or exclusion of further communication Note In Asia it is normal in business contact at beginning of negotiations to give a present, often valuable, to the partner. A German partner in Thailand opened the present immediately, to be sure it was not bribe. This insulted the Thailand partner. He did not get any present and even was verbally (even if with smile) suspected from corruption. Besides the practice is to open the gift not until at home. That was why the conversation failed down from the beginning and was talked about previous business of these companies, which could be better and before total failure of the partners communication saved the situation translator, who recommended to postpone the business negotiations. Feedback Effective communication is based on mutual respecting of partners, with practical change of information between subjects. Subjects are able to code correctly information and decode and provide (and accept) feedback. • Feedback must be effective, so it does not go for particular person, but for object of negotiations. Generally is valid the faster it is the more of quality. • Feedback restricts insecurity, resulting from different communication styles and interpretation schema of different cultures. • It created positive thinking, creating spine of successful result of communication. Example A small Moravian company break through on Japanese market. It makes segments for compilation of variable fences. But the Japanese business partner was not international experienced and wanted to be cordial in personal contact as the Moravian. But when the Moravian businessman clapped his shoulder and pressed to drink third glass of slivovitz, stopped the Japanese his warmth with explanation, that in Japan is not practice to drink alcohol at the beginning of business deal and there is not practice to touch each other and clap the shoulders at all. Fortunately cordial Moravian took not offence. He accepted this information as regressive detention and the negotiations passed off fluently. At the end wanted the Japanese make up for his reserve and drank more slivovitz than he was used to. Then his behaviour was similar to the Moravian. Pay attention to telephony and electronic communication • You are deprived of nonverbal components, which can sometimes correct verbal speech. • Much confusion arises in the intercultural relations misunderstanding, lexis.