Transcript Chinax
China
HAVE YOU BEEN TO CHINA?
WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT
CHINA?
Geography
Population 1.4 Billion
1/5 of the worlds population
How much of China’s land is farmable?
only 10%
Over 300 million farmers!!
Physical barriers isolated China:
Mountains
Deserts
Geography
What are the
benefits of rivers?
What are the
potential risks of
rivers?
Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China
• 13,170 miles long!!
• ~70% in poor
condition
Why build it?
• Originated in 3rd
century BC
• Originally meant
to protect Chinese
Empire from
barbarian
nomadic tribes
Government in Ancient China
Dynastic Cycle – 1750BCE – 1911CE
Mandate of Heaven – right to rule is given by heaven
People owed ruler loyalty and obedience
Over 12 different Dynasties have rule China
Wait… if a dynasty is ruling under the MoH, how does a
new dynasty come to rule?
*What makes us choose a new president or congressman?*
Government in Ancient China
Philosophies in China
Teachings of Confucius (551-479BCE)
Focused on DUTY & HUMANITY
Teachings were recorded in the Analects
Political and ethical NOT spiritual
Five Relationships
Bring order to society
One is superior person – One is inferior person
Ruler-Ruled, Parent-Child, Husband-Wife, Older Sibling-Younger
Sibling, Older Friend-Younger Friend
Filial Piety – respect that children owe their parents
Place emphasis on education and a strong work ethic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ximqppmkfc4
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/24/cat-
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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/04/surpri
sed-kittens-gif_n_4385814.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKNfnQneQV
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Philosophies in China
Daoism (Taoism)
Based on the teachings of Laozi
Natural way Da0 = the way
Don’t interfere with the way
Best government was the one with the fewest rules
Compassion, moderation, and humility
Respect for ancestor spirits
Philosophies in China
Legalism
People evil by nature look out only for self-interest
People only respond to punishment and reward
Need strong rulers to enforce the law
Religion in China
Buddhism
Dalai Lama – Tibet
Leader of one sect of Buddhism
Does not live in Tibet because of fear of the
Chinese Govn’t
Reincarnation
The soul is reborn in various forms
Salvation for good and punishment for wicked
Mercy and compassion
4 Noble Truths – suffering caused by man’s desires
Must follow the Eight Fold Path to reach nirvana/enlightenment
Role of Women in China
Patriarchy
men dominate society women are
subordinate
Modern China 500BCE – 1949 CE
Influence of Confucius - Women were….
not equal to men
Not logical - Too stupid to be educated
More emotional
Why train a woman who will leave your
family when they marry
Evidence of Low Status of Women in China
Infanticide
Killing of baby girls
During a famine – extra mouth to feed
Pay dowry when they marry
Buddhist belief in reincarnation
Women are incomplete men and
by killing them you free the soul
to be reborn male
Foot binding
Began at age 5 – restrict the size of the foot
Mutilation of women’s bodies for the pleasure of men
Restricted the ability of women to move
Evidence of Low Status of Women in China
Concubinage
Sold by family to one man for purpose of having male children
Women had no rights to children
Subservient to the man’s wife
Prostitution
To avoid or if unable to pay dowry - families sold daughter into
prostitution
Inheritance
Not allowed to inherit – all property went to male relative
Education
Families did not spend $$ to educate women
Women in China Today – 1949-2010
Communists have tried to create equality
Outlawed foot binding, concubinage and prostitution
Equal access to education and inheritance
Some inequalities still exist
One Child Policy – 1980
Families are restricted to one child each
Many families still want a boy
How can you make sure you have a boy?
Nov. 2013 eased some restrictions
Dynastic China – Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644
1421 Creation of The Imperial City – Beijing
1514 Portuguese want to trade with China
Allowed to trade only at Macao
Christian Missionaries also began to arrive – cultural exchange
Height of Chinese power – foreigners had to kow-tow or bow
low to the emperor
Well known for their porcelain
Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911
Changes in the 1700s
Qing Dynasty is in decline
Floods, famine, peasant revolts
Industrial Revolution in Europe made European countries more
powerful than the Chinese
Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911
Opium War 1839-1842
British sell opium to the Chinese – addictive drug
Chinese government cracks down on drug dealers
1839 – sink a British opium ship
War breaks out
Chinese lose, discover their military is outdated
Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911
Treaty of Nanjing – 1842
Emperor had to pay for opium that was destroyed
Open additional ports to foreigners – give Hong Kong to
British
Extraterritoriality
could only be tried for crimes in your own courts
China lost all power and status
Qing Dynasty – China in Decline 1644-1911
Spheres of Influence
By late 1800s China
was carved up
Foreign nations had
special economic
privileges in their zone
Creation of
imperialism in China
Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven
Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864)
Peasant rebellion
Over 20 million died
Qing Dynasty crushed the rebellion
Weakens the dynasty
Leads to reform and modernization in government
Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven
Attempts to reform Qing Dynasty – 1870s - 1911
Self Strengthening
Adopt Western technology while keeping Confucian values
Improve military
Kept old government and civil service exams
Qing continued to lose power and control
Open Door Policy - 1899
Proposed by the USA
Allow equal trade access to all countries
Prevented China being taken over by a single country or
divided up between imperialist countries
Qing Dynasty – loses the mandate of heaven
Boxer Rebellion – 1898 - 1901
“destroy the foreigners” – rebels killed foreigners and those
who had converted to Christianity
Western armies invade China to stop the rebellion
Emperor was forced to pay for the damages to the Western
military forces
Revolution of 1911
Led by Sun Yat-sen
Overthrew the last Emperor
Held elections for president and congress
Chinese Nationalists (1911 – 1949)
Led by Sun Yat-sen
China’s attempt at democracy – elected
president and congress
3 Principles of the People
Nationalism
unify china and end foreign exploitation
Democracy
Increased standard of living
Chang Kia-shek replaces Sun
Unifies China 1928
Defeated by Communists in 1949 and fled
to Taiwan
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-
content/crash-course1/crash-course-worldhistory/nationalism-imperialismglobalization/v/crash-course-world-history-37
Chinese Communism (1921 – today)
Mao Zedong
Leader of the communist party in China
Saw the power of the people
Worked with the Nationalist (1921-1927)
End foreign influence and unify China
Civil War (1928-1949)
Between Nationalist and Communists
The Long March – 1934-35
90,000 start only 7,000 finish
Attempt to avoid being destroyed by nationalists
1949 - Communists WIN Power in China!!
Communist China –Under Mao
Great Leap Forward – 1958
Superhuman effort to modernize/industrialize China
Attempt to end social classes
Divide China into Communes
Central dinning hall, lived in bunkers, everyone was assigned a job
Attempt to mobilize people to build bridges, dams, irrigation
Collective Farms
All land and tools were owned by govn’t
Lived in barracks (men/women) worked for the state
Effects – DISASTEROUS
15-20 Million people died - starvation
1959 – 1961 famine
Everyone made the same living many did not work hard
Many people blamed Mao for the failure of GLF
Mao leaves power for several years
Communist China –Under Mao
Cultural Revolution – 1966
Attempt to restore communist pride after
failure of GLF
Red Guards–young people devoted to Mao
Mass rallies to support Mao/expose capitalists
Abused people from rich/educated background
Forced to confess crimes against communism
Sent people to labor camps to be re-educated
Effects – DISASTEROUS
Created chaos, schools closed, factory
production went down
Most educated people were sent to camps –
tortured or killed
http://www.morningsun.org/living/index.html
Communist China – Under Mao
Mao – 1976 dies
Effect of Maoism on China –
by 1976 ….
Three decades of economic isolation
Iron Rice Bowl
guaranteed to all who worked for state
industries
All workers were guaranteed secure job,
free housing, free healthcare
Equality and uniformity were valued
NO individual advancement
Communist China – Under Deng
Deng Xiaoping
(1978 – 1997)
1968 accused of being a
capitalist-roader during the
Cultural Revolution
1974 returns to Politburo
(governing body)
1978 replaces Mao
Communist China – Under Deng
Economic Reforms
Undoes Mao’s economic policies
FOUR MODERNIZATIONS
modernize agriculture – no more
collective farms
lifted price controls/crops sold on
open market
expanded industry – increased
output 48% in 7 years
allowed privately owned businesses
develop science and industry
upgrade China’s defense forces
Communist China - Under Deng
“It does not matter if the cat is black or white,
so long as it catches mice.”--Deng Xiaoping
What does the quote have to do with the economy of China?
1978 Deng Xiaoping proclaims that "to get rich is glorious"
Emphasizes introduction of the market/opening up to foreign trade and investment
Peasants-allowed to produce for the market and agricultural production shoots up
Foreign factories are set up in special economic zones
Foreign investment pours in - China becomes one of the world's largest exporters
Communist China – Under Deng
Effects of Deng on China
Increased gap between rich and poor
Increased number of poor migrants
(150 million)
2nd largest economy in the world
Human Rights Abuses/Freedoms Denied
Tiananmen Square
1989 – university students
demonstrating for democracy are killed,
wounded, and arrested for protesting
China Today
by 2020 they will be the world’s largest economic
producer
U.S. 4th largest trading partner
Struggling with inflation
Social Problems
Demand for More Rights/Democracy
Population Issues
One Child Policy - lifted some restrictions in Nov. 2013
2008 Olympics – Beijing, China