Transcript KEY to notes - Newark Central Schools

Unit 3: Ancient Civilizations
Paleolithic Age
• Known as the “Old Stone Age” because simple stone
tools were used
• Earliest period in human history.
• People were nomadic: they migrated from place to
place in constant search of food
• They were also known as hunter-gatherers
Neolithic Revolution
• Learned how to farm
• Began to live in permanent settlements
• Specialized in jobs (each person had their own ‘role’ in
society)
• Domestication of animals
• Civilizations formed
Early civilizations settled near river valleys because they:
• Were a good source of water
• Were a good source of food (fish & animals came flocked to
river which made hunting easier)
• Had fertile soil that was good for farming (especially when
annual flooding occurred and renewed the soil
• Made transportation easy (especially for trading goods)
Common features of Ancient River Valley Civilizations:
• They were polytheistic- people believed in many gods associated
with nature
• Traditional economies (barter-trade with goods (not money))
• Subsistence farming: people only farmed enough to take care of
family; they didn’t produce extra food to sell for a profit
The Fertile Crescent
The area boxed in, is what the map on the
slide before this shows
The area boxed in, is what the map on the slide before this shows
Fertile Crescent Civilizations
Sumerians, Babylonians, Hittites, Phoenicians, Persians,
Sumerians
• When: 3500 BC
• Where: Tigris – Euphrates Delta
• www.brainpop.com
ziggurat
Sumerian Achievements
• Built ziggurats (large pyramid-like temples)
• Developed cuneiform (an ancient writing system
using pictographs)
• Invented the wheel, sail, and plow
cuneiform
Babylonians
• When?: 1700 BC
• Where?: Tigris – Euphrates Delta
Babylonians
• Hammurabi’s Code: A set of laws posted for all to see.
• “An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth”
• Laws were not actually equal for everyone, and depended on your social
class.
“An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth”
Hittites Achievements:
• Used iron to make weapons
Phoenicians
• When?: 1500 BC
• Where?: eastern Mediterranean Sea coast
“carriers of civilization”
Phoenicians
• Created an alphabet of 22 symbols which became the basis our the
modern alphabet
• Known as the carriers
of civilization
Persians
• When?: 500 BC
• Where?: Asia minor to Indus Valley
Persians
• Roads increased trade
• Uniform system of coinage that held value
Early Civilizations of India
Important groups for today
• Indus River Valley People
(here first, settled near Indus River- fertile soil)
• Aryans
(Warlike invaders, came after- create caste system/ Hinduism…writing
system)
Indus River Valley Civ
I. Indus Valley Civilization (2500 BC-1500BC)
A. Largest of the early civilizations
B. Majority of the people were farmers
C. Extensive trade with the Middle East
D. They were very advanced
i. ***Cities (like Harrappa & Mohenjo Darro) were planned
ii. Uniform building codes
iii. Specialized jobs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Did they have just cities? Just rural areas? Both?
Were their bricks the same size or different sizes?
Did they have a sewer system?
Did they take baths ever?
Were there dentists?
Indus Valley civilizations were advanced for their time.
• This picture shows how advanced
they were. They had planned
streets, specialized jobs and
building materials like bricks.
II. The Aryans
A. Aryans were warlike/invaders that came through the mountain passes from
the north
B. Conquered the remains of the Indus Valley
C. Religion
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Created the caste system/ Hinduism
Traditions passed through Vedas
Developed Sanskrit (writing system)
Polytheistic
The Aryans took the Khyber pass to the Indus valley
civilization.
• The Khyber pass was a route
through the Hindu Kush
Mountains. The Aryans took this
route to the Indus Valley
civilization and destroyed them
with their iron weapons.
Writing systems
• Their main writing system was
sanskrit. It was a very different
language from our languages. It
was used from 1500 B.C - 1000 B.C.
They made plays in it to perform at
palaces.
Social Classes
C. Villages
1. Mostly farmers and herders
2. Ruled by the rajahs
D. Social Classes- people were divided into 4 varnas (mingle, talk, only
with other castes when absolutely necessary)
1. Brahmans – priests
2. Kshatriyas – warriors
3. Vaisyas – landowners
4. Sudras – servants
Ultimately leads to “the caste system” of Hinduism
The Hindu Caste System (started w/ Aryans
Important groups for today
• Indus River Valley People
(here first, settled near Indus River- fertile soil)
. Aryans
(Warlike invaders, came after- create caste system/ Hinduism…writing
system)
South Asia: Physical Map
Use this map to help you
label each of the geographic
features listed in your notes.
Gupta Empire: India’s Golden
Age
When: 240-550 AD
Golden Age:
• A time of peace and prosperity (many
achievements)
Gupta Accomplishments
•Art: Ajante cave paintings
•Literature: poems, stories
•Math: Concept of Zero, Decimal system
•Science: astronomy
•Medicine: plastic surgery, hospitals, vaccines
•Religion: Hinduism
Major Gupta Rulers
• Chandragupta (280-319 AD)
• Samudragupta (320-380 AD)
• Chandragupta II (381-413 AD)
• Kumaragupta I (414-455 AD)
• Skandagupta (456-467 AD)
• Notice how all their names end with GUPTA
End of the Guptas
• After repelling many invasions, the Guptas finally met their end at the hands of
invaders called Hunas. Irresponsible spending of empire resources aided their
decline. Even after most of the nation was overrun, they formed alliances with
other independent nations and continued to fight. Unfortunately, it was in vain,
and the mighty Guptas fell after 310 years of rule.
Monsoons: Seasonal winds that change the
amount of precipitation
Wet (Summer) Monsoon
• May- September
• HOT!!!
• Rainy season
Dry (Winter) Monsoon
• October-April
• Mild temperatures
• Little or no rain
• Ground is parched
and cracked
Effects of Monsoon on farmers:
 Farmers plant seeds in the dry, sunbaked earth.
 The seeds must take root before the summer
downpours begin.
 When it rains, the plants grow
 If the monsoon is late: the tiny plants wither and die,
and famine results.
 If the monsoon brings too much rain: the crops can be
washed away.
• Monsoon Video (2 min)
Ashoka the Great Reading
Physical Map of China
• Desert
• Mountains/Plateau
• Fertile Plains
• Water
China
• Based on China’s geography, where do you think most people live in
China?
The majority of China consists of
mountains and deserts
a) In ancient times, these physical barriers limited contact with
others (cultural diversity)
b) The Chinese thought they lived at the center of the Earth=
(ethnocentric)
c) Today, most people still live in the eastern 1/3 of China where
the land is arable (OK for farming)
Population Density
Terracing
• What?: small, flat fields built into the sides of mountains
• Why?: create more farmland, holds soil in place in order
to plant crops
• Where?: sides of hills and
mountains
Terracing
Ancient China
• The first civilization in China, the Shang Dynasty,
developed by the Huang He (Yellow) River
• Achievements:
• Bronze work
• Silk
• Calendar
• Irrigation systems
• Writing system
The Mandate of Heaven
 The Chinese believed that heaven had chosen their leaders and given
them the mandate, or right, to rule.
 The people owed the ruler complete loyalty and obedience
 The ruler owed the people good government, harmony and order
 If a ruler failed, the people had the right to rebel
 Signs that a ruler lost the Mandate of Heaven:
Fighting
Floods
(War, Revolts, Invaders)
(Natural Disasters)
Famine
The Mandate of Heaven
 The Chinese believed that heaven had chosen their leaders and given
them the mandate, or right, to rule.
 The people owed the ruler complete loyalty and obedience
 The ruler owed the people good government, harmony and order
 If a ruler failed, the people had the right to rebel
 Signs that a ruler lost the Mandate of Heaven:
The Mandate of Heaven
• Directions: On your note sheet, fill in the title for each of the boxes
and then draw a picture to go with each one.
Fighting
Floods
Famine
Chinese Dynasty Song
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Sui, Tang, Song
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong, Deng!
Mao Zedong, Deng!
(Sing to tune of:
Where is Thumbkin?)
•
•
•
•
New Dynasty
Brings peace
Rebuilds infrastructure
Gives land to peasants
Protects people
New Dynasty
claims
Mandate of
Heaven
Generations
go by, new
dynasty
becomes…
•
•
•
•
Old Dynasty
Stops protecting people
Lets infrastructure decay
Taxes people too much
Treats people unfairly
Problems
• Fighting (peasants revolt, invaders
attack, bandits raid the country)
• Floods (or other natural disasters)
• Famine
Old dynasty
loses
Mandate of
Heaven
Writing/ Vocabulary Station
• Directions: For each vocabulary word, write one good social studies
sentence.
• Please note:
• Do not just give the definition
• Use the word in a way that shows you understand it
1. Mandate of Heaven
2. Dynastic Cycle or dynasty
3. Silk Roads
The Great Wall of China
True or False?
The Great Wall…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Can be seen from space
Is one of the 7 Wonders of the World
Was built as one giant wall
Was built by Qin Shi Huangdi
It built of stone walls
Was built because they hated foreigners
It was an impenetrable barrier to invaders
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgLweGWRgKM
• At first, several states built small, simple walls to keep out invaders and barbaric
nomads
• However, the walls were not very effective.
The wall stretches for 6,700 km (4,160 miles). It was built on mountain tops to keep invaders out (barbarian
Huns from the north), and move soldiers quickly. The Qin emperor, Shihuangdi, ordered smaller walls
destroyed and new walls connected to the major fortifications, to help centralize power.
The wall that was built on flat land was also made of stamped earth. There were parts of the various
dynasties that did not run along mountain tops, which were harder to defend.
What do you see in the image?
watchtowers, wall, windows
What are the dominant features?
watchtowers
What can you infer?
Men were in the turrets, used for different reasons
There was a watchtower built every 100 meters or so. They were intended to watch for enemies and light
signal fires to warn people that an attack was coming.
The watchtowers had windows that were use to watch for enemies and to shoot arrows, etc, from. They
provided safety, too.
The Great Wall had gates in it. These were used for trade, communication, and even attacking enemies.
Other Interesting Things About the Great Wall of China
The wall was also built to keep nomadic people from going out, and from coming back in with stolen
property (which would make enemies angry and cause an attack).
The Ming Dynasty emperors had the most work done on the wall, and the best because they used bricks and
stone instead of rammed (stamped) earth.
Commoners were forced to build the wall, where hundreds of thousands died from cold, heat, hunger, or
abuse. Many of these peasants were BURIED IN THE WALL and have been unearthed by
archaeologists.
It’s the largest human-built structure in the world.
The Great Wall also extends into Mongolia.
Chinese Achievements
a.Paper
f. Magnetic Compass
b.Porcelain
g.Paper Money
c.Woodblock Printing
h.Silk
d.Gunpowder
e.Movable Type
Civil Service Exam
a. The Chinese wanted the government run by the most talented and learned men
b. To be in the government, one had to pass a civil service exam
c. Test was on Chinese law, history and traditions as well as Confucian teachings
d. Officials gained jobs through merit, not by birth or wealth.
e. Lasted until 1900
Golden Ages ( Tang & Song Dynasties)
a. Golden age= a time of peace and prosperity
b. Increased trade of goods and ideas
c. Built a navy
d. Foreign merchants and missionaries came
e. Chinese influence spread to Korea and Japan
f. Block printing and movable type- books can be produced cheaply and easily- increased
literacy
g. Poetry and painting-Frequently used nature in art
Confucianism:
I.Confucius was China’s best-known philosopher, born in about
551 B.C.
II. The disorder and suffering caused by constant warfare
disturbed Confucius. He wanted to restore peace.
III.The Analects- book of Confucius’ ideas written down by his
followers
The superior person should set an example for the
inferior one and watch out for them.
Ruler
Father
Ruled
Son
The inferior person should be loyal and obedient
IV. Filial Piety- respect and duty that children owe their parents
V. Confucius created a guide to proper behavior based on ethical, or
moral, principles
VI. Family and society are more important than the individual
VII. Education sets people apart
Daoism (Taoism)
• Lao Zi, the founder, emphasized the link between people and nature
rather than the importance of proper behavior
• Yin and Yang- the forces of nature that balance each other
• A society with rules was artificial and disturbed natural order
• The best government has the fewest rules
Legalism
I.
Rejected Confucian ideas about proper behavior
II. Believed people act out of self interest and would respond to
rewards and punishment
III. Harsh laws imposed by a strong leader would keep society orderly
West African Trading Kingdoms
• Answer the first 5 questions based on the comic strip provided
• In the box at the bottom of the sheet, write down the following
poem:
Ghana, Mali, Songhai
West African Kingdoms where you can buy
Gold, salt, and ivory too
From the trading city of Timbuktu
Mansa Musa was a Muslim that traveled from Mali
to Mecca. On his way, he spread his religion and
also passed out money (gold) which caused the
price of it to fall.
(Write each “M-word” on each finger of the hand below)
Mayas
1800 BC- 900 AD
***Take note of the time: This is an ANCIENT civilization (not around
when the Aztec and Incas are)
Geography:
Central America/ Mexico
Slash and burn farming (cut and burn rainforest to clear room for
a field to farm on)
Religion
 Polytheistic
 Built huge pyramid-temples to honor gods
 Belief that gods control nature so perform regular ceremonies to keep
gods happy
 Monumental
architecture
 “glyphs” writing
system (similar to
the hieroglyphics of
Ancient Egypt)
 Astronomy- 365
day calendar
• Math- Use of “zero”
Aztecs
1100-1500
Geography:
Present day Mexico
Chinampas- crops grew on floating gardens
Religion
 Polytheistic
 Built huge pyramid-temples to honor
gods
 Sacrificed humans and animals to
gods
Achievements
 Monumental architecture
Capital City: Tenochtitlan
Aztec Warrior
Incas
1200-1530
Geography:
-Present day Peru
-Andes Mountains
Geography
 Terrace farming (cut steps into Andes mountains to farm on)
Irrigation Systems- brought water from
mountains to lowlands
Religion
 Polytheistic
 Built huge pyramid-temples to honor gods
Achievements
 Monumental architecture
 Main temple was covered in gold
 Roads
 Irrigation
• Machu Pichu
Machu Pichu
Machu Pichu
Big Ideas about Latin America
• Mountains, along with tropical forests in the lowlands, created
barriers to the movement of people. These features limited contact
among areas and contributed to cultural diversity
• Each of the early civilizations adapted to their
environment/geography
• Early civilizations (Aztecs, Mayas, Incas) were already very advanced
before the arrival of Europeans