Transcript Roman Empire

CBA
Exam review
Impact of the environment on developing nations
• The first civilizations developed along
rivers with fertile soil from periodic
floods
• Here, farmers were able to grow a
surplus of food
–This allowed for the rise of civilizations
Neolithic Revolution
• Occurred in the Middle East 10,000 years ago
• People saw they could obtain food by planting seeds
• Food surpluses
– A change from hunters and gatherers to producers of food
• Domestication of animals
– People learned to domesticate (goats, sheep, cattle)
• Settlements
– People no longer moved around, they had permanent
homes
6 traits of a civilization
• Geographic Boundaries and political institutions
• Population (a concentration) in distinct areas or
cities
• Economy that produces food surpluses
• Social classes
• Written language/a system of recordkeeping
• cultural systems
River Valley Civilizations
• Mesopotamia
– Located between the Tigris and Euphrates River
– Invented the sailboat, irrigation, wheel, calendar, and
bronze
• Egypt
– Located along the Nile River in N. Africa
– Ruled by powerful pharaoh
– Built pyramids
• India
– Located along the Indus River; deposited rich soil over the
neighboring plain
• China
– Located along the Huang He River
Major political developments
China
• China’s history is divided into dynasties
• Zhou Dynasty
– Believed their ruler came to power because of the Mandate of Heaven
• Qin Dynasty
– Shi Huang-ti: first emperor of China
• Unified China under his rule
• Built Great Wall of China
• Han Dynasty
– Kept China unified over next 400 years
– Selected officials based on examinations
– Established trade along the Silk Road
India
• Divided into empires
• Aryans (came to India 1500 BC)
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Created city-states in river valleys
Developed Sanskrit (form of writing)
Introduced Hinduism
Developed caste system (social order development)
• Mauryan Empire
– Asoka allowed all religions in India
• Built roads and hospitals
• Gupta Empire (ushered in Golden Age of Hindu Culture)
– Advanced concept of zero, decimal system
– Their system of numerals used today
Persia
• Cyrus the Great united the Persian Empire
• Darius, his son, introduced uniform measures and
built new cities
• Zoroastrianism
– Religion based on Zoraster
– Taught there were only 2 gods
• Light and goodness & darkness and evil
• Persian Accomplishments
– Learned to use coins, moving from barter to money
economy
– Build 100s of roads to unify empire
– Established a postal system
Greece
• City-States
– Mountains cut off centers of populations from each
other (led to development of separate city-states)
• Sparta
– A city-state that was military in nature (life organized
around military needs)
– Males taught to be strong soldiers serving the state
• Athens
– Developed world’s first democracy (but women,
foreigners, and slaves could not vote)
Rome
• Built on fertile plain in the middle of Italy
• Roman Republic
– Republic: system of govt. by elected representatives
– 2 main social classes: patricians and plebians
• Twelve Tables
– Code of laws that stated that citizens were “equal under the
law” and “innocent until proven guilty”
• Roman Empire
– After uniting Italy, Rome defeated Carthage, and spread to
W. Europe
– Augustus became the 1st emperor
– Christianity gradually spread
Define and give an example
of…
Theocracy
• A society governed by religious
leaders
–Ex: Mesopotamia
Absolute Monarchy
• A system of government in which
political power is inherited
–Ex: Egypt
• Each pharaoh inherited absolute
power from his father
Democracy
• Ordinary citizens participate in
government, either directly or by
elected representatives
• Democracy means “rule of the
people” in Greek
–Ex: Athens
Republic
• A system of government by
representatives
–Ex: Rome
Oligarchy
• Rule by few
–Ex: Sparta
World Religions
Polytheism
• Religion that believes in and
worships many gods
–Ex: people in Mesopotamia
–Believed in as many as 2,000 different gods
Monotheism
• Believed in 1 god
–Ex: Judaism (Jewish)
Judaism
• Religion in the area of present day
Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan
• Ancient Hebrews that believed in 1
universal God
Buddhism
• Began in India around 500 BC
• Siddhartha Guatama (known as Buddha)
– Rich prince who set off in search of truth
• Beliefs: self denial and meditation
– Eightfold Path
• One must give up selfish desires to find true peace and
harmony
– Believe in reincarnation
Hinduism
• Hindus believe in many gods and goddesses
– All are forms of one Supreme Being
• Reincarnation
– We’re reborn in a new form after we die, based on
deeds in this life
Christianity
• Began about 2,000 years ago
• Based on the teachings of Jesus (a Jew born in
Bethlehem who preached forgiveness, mercy, and
sympathy for the poor and helpless)
– Role of Jesus
• Son of God and sacrificed himself
– Christian Conduct
• Believe they will be saved and will go to Heaven after death
– The Christian Bible
• Old and New Testament
Islam
• Rise of Islam
– 7th Century, Islam arose on the Arabian Peninsula
• Mohammed
– Founded Islam
– Believed God had founded him to teach preaching's of Allah
(one true God)
• Quran
– Holy book of Islam
• Five Pillars of Islam
– Faith, prayer, charity, fasting, making a pilgrimage to Mecca
• Spread of Islam
– Islamic caliphates controlled the Middle East, N. Africa, and
Spain
Philosophies
Confucianism
• Confucius established a philosophy followed in China
for centuries
• In every relationship there is a superior and inferior
• A good ruler should govern justly and for the benefit
of his subjects
• Philosophy stressed kindness, peace, harmony, and
following the natural order
– Each person’s role in society is due to his position in the
universe
Daoism
• A Chinese philosophy that began in the 5th
century BC
• Based on teachings of Lao Tzu
• Believe that nature has a “way” in which it
moves, and that people should accept the “way”
of nature rather than resist it
• Deep respect for nature and harmony
Legalism
• A popular philosophy developed in China
toward the end of the Zhou dynasty
• Proposes that human beings are evil by nature
and can only be brought to the correct path by
harsh punishment
How does Christianity unify Europe
• The catholic church was the most powerful
organization in Western Europe. The Pope was the
head of the church
• Role of Faith
– People very religious; felt united by faith
• Power and Wealth
– Nobles left land to church when they died
– Church became Europe’s largest landowner
• Center of Learning
– Main center of learning
– Church officials most educated people
Compare and contrast Silk Road and Gold-Salt Trade in Africa
• Silk road: trade route that connected China and
Europe from the time of the Roman Empire onwards
• Gold-Salt Trade: Trade route where Merchants
crossed the Sahara Desert to trade salt for other riches
and gold
– Kingdom of Mali: controlled the gold-salt trade
– Kingdom of Ghana: prospered by taxing the gold-salt trade
– Kingdom of Songhai: grew rich from gold-salt trade
Compare/contrast Roman Catholic Church and Eastern
Orthodox Church
• Roman Catholic:
– The catholic church was the most powerful organization in
Western Europe. The Pope was the head of the church
• Eastern Orthodox:
– Practiced by the Byzantines
– Did not recognize the Pope as the head of church
• Instead, they had their own Patriarch (emperor)
• Decorated their churches with icons
Compare/contrast the Roman Empire and the Han
Dynasty
• Roman Empire:
– Law: natural law based on reason
– Language: Latin
– Engineering: built 1000s of miles of roads, bridges,
aquaducts, arches, domes
– Christianity
• Han Dynasty:
– Kept China unified over next 400 years
– Selected officials based on examinations
– Established trade along Silk Road
Explain the causes of the Fall of Rome
• Political Weakness
– Roman govt. depended on abilities of emperor, by many
later emperors were corrupt and ineffective leaders
• Economic Problems
– Costs of defending/administering empire led to high
taxesinflation and unemployment
• Military Decline
– Roman armies
• Invasions
– Under continuous attack from Barbarians (Goths, Huns,
etc)
– Eventually, these tribes invaded Rome
Law
Code of Hammurabi
“government has a responsibility for what happens in society”
“trial by jury”
Ten Commandments
“innocent until proven guilty”
Athenian Democracy
“equality before the law”
“trial by jury”
Roman Law
No person could be judged guilty of a crime until after the facts of the case were examined.
All person accused of crimes had a right to face their accusers and defend themselves before a
judge.
If there was doubt about a person’s guilt, he or she should be judged innocent
Any law that seemed to be unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside. (judicial review)
Justinian’s Code
“codified Roman law ”
Code became basis of law throughout much of Europe
Changing role of women
• Athenian Women:
– Confined to home, could not vote
• Egyptian Women:
– A little more freedom, but not much. Still expected
to stay home and care for children
Accomplishments in math/science/technology
• Eratosthenes
– Geographer who calculated Earth’s circumference
• Archimedes
– One of the greatest mathematicians
– Made contributions in geometry