Transcript Empires in East Asia

Empires in
East Asia
600 - 1350
Review Early Dynasties
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Shang Dynasty1766-1122
Zhou Dynasty1122-221
– Last 400yrs - warring states
Qin Dynasty 221 -206 BCE
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Shi huangdi (1st emperor)
Legalist philosophy
First coinage, writing system,
Censorship
Lasts 15 years
China- in 2,000 years - 23
dynasties - 9 important ones
Han Dynasty
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Han Dynasty
(classical era)
– Confucian based society
– Merit system-bureaucrats
– Paper & porcelain invented
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For 400 years after fall of Han time of great troubles…
– Buddhism becomes popular
in this period
Tang Dynasty (618-918)
• Sui unite China rule for 30 years
– Grand Canal
– Great Wall
• Tang
– Increased
boundaries
– Heavy dependence
on Militarism
Tang Taizong the grand
emperor
• Rise of Tang
• First emperor &
minister (Wei
Zheng)- model of
good rule
• Imperial power and
moral restraint in
theory - in practice
hard to maintain
Tang
– Trade & commerce grow
– Printing
– Arts- focus on
landscape/nature
– Gun powder
– Woodblock printing
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Capital city Chang’an (eternal
peace) 24 mile walled city
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Artistic / commercial & invention
continues in Song era
Empress Wu
• Ruled for 50 years - 705
– Biggest challenge deal with
scholar/gentry and old
aristocrats
– Economy remained strong!
• Econ- equal land
system
• Civil exam system
– Social mobility?
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Confucianism as official philosophy
= cultural literacy uniting China
Tang Taizong (The Profound Emperor) and Consort
Yang
Decline of Tang - Losing the Mandate of
Heaven
• Reasons for decline
– 751 - loss to Arabs at Talas
– Equal land system breaks down
– Poor attention to canal & irrigation systems
– Nomadic attacks
• Moral: China’s view
– Centralization = unity = peace (stability)
– Decentralization = civil war
Song Dynasty 960-1279
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Rise - 907 960 saw the fragmentation of
China into five northern dynasties and
ten southern kingdoms until Song unify
CHARACTERISTICS
– Scholar-gentry class
dominates
• abuses in civil service
exam develop
– Paper money
– Arts & commerce
– 11C Needle compass
(3rd century - South pointer)
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Inventions!
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Porcelain
Gunpowder
Moveable type
Compass
Mechanical Clock
Feet binding?
Asian Steppe
• Western Steppe
– Hittites & Aryans
origins
• Eastern Steppe
– Huns, Turks, &
Mongols origins
Asian Steppe
• Trade routes across Eurasia
– Silk Road
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Dry grasslands
Lack of rainfall
Windy
Mongolia’s temperatures
– 57’ F in winter
– 96’ F in summer
Nomads of the Asian Steppe
• Pastoralists
– Herded domesticated animals
– Constantly moving in search of good pastures to feed their herds
– Depended on animals
• Food
– Meat & mare’s milk
• Clothes
– Skins & wool
• Houses
– Portable felt tents called yurts
– Traveled in clans or kinship groups
• All common ancestors
• Clans came together when they needed a larger force for battle
The Rise of the Mongols
• Mongols
– Nomadic people of the
Asian Steppe
– Skilled horsemen
– Discipline,
ruthlessness, &
courage in battle
– Raid cities along trade
routes
Meet Genghis Khan
Mongols
• Genghis Khan
– Once called Temujin
– Defeated rivals to unify
Mongols
– Took name Genghis Khan
• “universal ruler” of the
Mongols
– Brilliant organizer &
strategists in military
• First conquest failed in China,
so he went west instead &
conquered all the way to
Europe
– Used new weapons &
technologies
– Used terror tactics
– 1221 – Central Asia was
controlled by the Mongols
The Mongol Empire
• 1227
– Genghis Khan died from illness
– His successors continued to expand the
empire
• Controlled China to Poland
• Largest unified land empire in history
• Many areas invaded by Mongols never recovered
– Populations wiped out
– Destroyed ancient irrigation systems
» Like in Mesopotamia
Mongol Peace
• Mid-1200’s through mid-1300’s
– Over time, Mongol rulers adopted cultures
• Islam was found in Russia & Persia
• Mongols imposed stability & law across Eurasia
• Guaranteed safe passage of trade caravans,
travelers, & missionaries across the empire
– Trade increased heavily
» Ideas & inventions spread
Meet the Mongols
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0
BcMo
The Great Khan
• Ogada
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Called “Great Khan”
Son of Genghis Khan
Expanded empire in China, Korea, & Russia
Went west into Bulgaria & Romania
• Very close to Vienna & Venice
– 1241 – the Great Khan died & the westward
campaign ended
• No telling how far west the Mongols would have gone!
Khanates
• 1260 – empire divided into 4 khanates
– Each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan
• Khanate of the Great Khan
– Mongolia & China
• Khanate of Chagatai
– Central Asia
• Ilkhanate
– Persia
• Khanate of the Golden Horde
– Russia
Empire of the Great Khan
• Kublai Khan
– Genghis Khan’s
grandson
– Called himself the
Great Khan in 1260
– Goal was to extend his
own khanate east into
Mongolia, Korea,
Tibet, & China
– Considered a great
emperor in Chinese
history, too!
“I have heard that one can
conquer the empire on
horseback, but one cannot
govern it on horseback”
A Chinese adviser’s words of
wisdom to Kublai Khan
Mongol Rule in China
• 1279 – Kublai Khan was the first conquer all of
China
– Set up a new dynasty
• Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)
– United all of China
– Opened China to greater trade
• With Muslims from India, Central Asia, & Persia
– Tolerated Chinese culture
– Made few changes to the system of government
• Mongols lived with different laws & looked different from the
Chinese
• Chinese couldn’t serve in highest government posts
– Only Mongols & foreigners
Mongol Rule in China
• Kublai Khan lived in China instead of
Mongolia
– He didn’t hate civilization like his ancestors
• Tried to conquer Japan twice, but failed
– Battle was at a standstill when a typhoon hit
– Destroying ships & killing many Mongols
• “kamikaze” – Divine Wind
Marco Polo
• Marco Polo
– Venetian trader
– Served the Great Khan (Kublai Khan) for 17 years
• Government missions in various Chinese cities
– 1292 – went back to Venice which was at war with
Genoa (rival city)
• He was captured & imprisoned
• He told his stories of his adventures with the Mongols &
Chinese
• He died in prison in 1324
• Another prisoner collected his stories & was a success in
Europe
– Europeans didn’t believe the stories
» Thought they were tall tales
The End of Mongol Rule
• Kublai Khan died at age 80 in 1294
• Yuan Dynasty lasted for 74 more years,
but had many problems
– Rebellions broke out because:
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Chinese resented Mongol rulers
Famine
Flood
Disease
Economic problems
Corrupt government
The End of Mongol Rule
• 1368 – Chinese overthrew Mongols in China &
founded the Ming Dynasty
– Most Mongols went back to the Mongolian Steppe
– Some stayed & were valued for their skills in cavalry
• Ilkhanate in Persia fell apart in the 1330’s
• Chagatai Khans in Central Asia fell in the 1370’s
• Golden Horde in Russia lasted until 1480
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