Transcript Gao 0_188 Overture

Chinese Pinyin (1958)
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Download a copy of Standard Pinyin at
http://karikas.com/chinese/
Pinyin Song at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9Ayvj
y-Dgs
Significance of Pinyin
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Adopted by the Library of Congress for its new
catalogs
Released Chinese from the old burden of
recognizing character such as 直 音 & 反 切
Like the ASCII code -- American Standard Code
for Information Interchange-- or “Unicode,”
Pinyin makes it possible to use computer
technology for communication, printing, and
handling data both at home and abroad
Chinese Phonetics
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Chinese ‘Alphabet’ –V for ü in typing
Initials (Consonants)
Finals (Vowels)
--Simple Finals
--Compound Finals
--Nasal Finals
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Tone Marks (Four Tones on the main vowel)
Dividing Marks as in Xī’ān or Hǎi’ōu
Tones Determine the Meaning
A Classical Joke
First tone: mā
 Second tone:má
 Third tone: mǎ
 Fourth tone: mà
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mother (妈)
hemp
(麻)
horse
(马)
to curse (骂)
Chinese Names
Last name first; first name last
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Surname
xìng 姓
Nee
shì 氏
Given name
míng 名
Courtesy name (Styled) zì 字
Artistic name or pseudonym, hào 号
Posthumous title
shìhào 谥号
Temple name
miàohào 庙号
Identify the last name
Sima Qian/Sun Yat-sen
(ca. 145 BC – 86 BC)/1866 – 1925
Tricky Names
A little Cultural Knowledge Could Go a Long Way
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贾经理【jiǎ jīnglǐ】
• Manager or Director Jia
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贾/假【jiǎ】 fake; sham
 总经理【zǒngjīnglǐ】
• general manager
傅【fù】 a surname
副【fù】 deputy; assistant; vice 傅总经理【 fùzǒngjīnglǐ】
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Two Writing Styles
Welcome
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Simplified
欢 迎
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Traditional
歡迎
Can you handle this?
Biáng Biáng Miàn
Chinese Radicals
(Latin Radix for Root)
木
Tree/Wood
林
森
grove
forest
Name change for a capital
首都名字变迁
The example of Xi’an 西安
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The city was named "Fenghao" (丰鎬) in the Zhou Dynasty beginning
around 1046 BCE. It was renamed Chang'an (長安) by Liu Bang, the
founding emperor during the Han Dynasty in 206 BCE. It was then
renamed as Daxing (大興) during the Sui Dynasty in 581 CE, then
renamed Chang'an during the Tang Dynasty beginning in 618 CE. It
was given other names in later periods, such as Fengyuan (奉元), then
Anxi (安西), then Jingzhao (京兆) during the Yuan Dynasty. Finally,
it was named Xi'an in the year 1369 CE during the Ming Dynasty. It
retained the name of Xi'an until 1928, until it was named Xijing (西京)
in 1930. It was once again changed back to its Ming-era name of
Xi'an in the year 1943.
Xi'an's abbreviations in Chinese are Hao (鎬) or Tang (唐). The
former abbreviation is derived from the ancient name Fenghao of the
Zhou Dynasty. The latter one is derived from the name of Tang
Dynasty.
ROC vs. PRC
National Party vs. Communist Party
Jiang Jieshi (Jiang Kai-shek) vs. Mao Zedong
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The Republic of China
(ROC), commonly
known as Taiwan
nowadays, developed
out of the Wuchang
Uprising against the
Qing Dynasty on 10
October (Double Ten
Day) in 1911 under the
leadership of Sun Yatsen (Sun Zhongshan,
father of modern
China).
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The People's Republic
of China (PRC, since
1949), commonly
known as China, is the
most populous state in
the world with over
1.3 billion people.
Located in East Asia, it
is a single-party state
governed by the
Communist Party of
China (CPC).
中国地图【Zhōngguódìtú】
map of china
China and Its Neighbors
Administrative Divisions
行政区划【xíngzhèng qūhuà】
Political Administrative Divisions
行政区划【xíngzhèng qūhuà】
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Direct-controlled municipality is the highest
level classification for cities used by People's
Republic of China (PRC, 1949, refers to the
mainland China),
直辖市【zhíxiáshì】 (n) directly governed city
region (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and
Chongqing).
Provinces (22 + Taiwan pending)
Alphabetically Listed
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1. Anhui; 2. Fujian; 3. Gansu; 4. Guangdong;
5. Guizhou; 6. Hainan; 7. Hebei; 8. Henan;
9. Heilongjiang; 10. Hubei; 11. Hunan; 12. Jilin;
13. Jiangsu; 14. Jiangxi; 15, Liaoning; 16.
Qinghai; 17. Shandong; 18. Shanxi; 19.
Shaanxi; 20. Sichuan; 21. Yunnan; 22.
Zhejiang;
Taiwan—disputed status at the moment;
Minority Autonomous Regions (5)
& Their Capitals
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内蒙古自治区【nèiněnggǔzìzhìqū】 the Nei Monggol
(Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region (1947), Huhhot;
新疆维吾尔自治区【xīnjiāngwéiwú'ěrzìzhìqū】 The
Xinjiang Uygur (Uighur) autonomous region (1955),
Wrumqi;
广西壮族自治区【guǎngxīzhuàngzúzìzhìqū】 The
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region (1957), Nanning;
宁夏回族自治区【Níngxiàhuízú zìzhìqū】 Ningxia Hui
Autonomous Region (1957), Yinchuan;
西藏自治区【xīzàngzìzhìqū】 the Xizang (Tibet)
Autonomous Region (1965), Lhasa;
特别行政区【tèbiéxíngzhèngqū】
Special Administrative Region (2)
One Country; Two Systems
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Macau Special Administrative
Region of the People's Republic
of China
Portuguese traders first settled
in Macau in the 16th century
and subsequently administered
the region until the handover on
20 December 1999.
The Sino-Portuguese Joint
Declaration and the Basic Law
of Macau stipulate that Macau
operates with a high degree of
autonomy until at least 2049,
fifty years after the transfer.
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Hong Kong became a colony of
the British Empire after the First
Opium War (1839–1842).
Originally confined to Hong
Kong Island, the colony's
boundaries were extended in
stages so as to include the
Kowloon Peninsula and the
New Territories by 1898. It was
occupied by the Japanese
during the Pacific War, after
which the British resumed
control until 1997, when China
regained sovereignty. The
Basic Law stipulates that Hong
Kong shall enjoy a "high degree
of autonomy" in all matters
except foreign relations and
military defense.
Chinese Ethnic Groups 56
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Han Ethnic Group 95.3%
55 Minority Ethnic Groups
http://uwch4.humanities.washington.edu/~WG/~188
/Cultural%20Notes/
China Proper
Geographical Features
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There are four areas within China Proper:
In the north is the North China Plain (flat and
vulnerable, easily taken over by invaders);
In the south is a region of low hills and wet
valleys;
In the southeast is the Sichuan Basin, ringed
by mountains and accessible mainly via the
gorges of the Yangzi River/Yangtze River, an
ideal place for taking refuge. Chongqing is a
city of fog.
In the northwest is a dry plateau;
The Kunlun Mountains &
The Bayan Har Mountains
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The Kunlun Mountains 崑
崙山is one of the longest
mountain chains in Asia,
extending more than 3,000
km.
From the Pa’mirs of
Ta’jikistan, it runs east along
the border between Xinjiang
and Tibet autonomous
regions to the Sino-Tibetan
ranges in Qinghai province.
It stretches along the
southern edge of what is
now called the ‘Ta’rim Basin,
the infamous Takla Makan
or "sand-buried houses"
desert, and the Gobi desert.
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The Bayan Har mountains
(Mongolian: Bayan Har Uul;
巴颜喀拉山脉; Bāyánkālā
shānmài) are a mountain
range in Qinghai province,
People's Republic of China
and a branch of the Kunlun
Mountains. It separates the
drainage areas of the Yellow
and the Yangtze rivers, the
source of the Yellow River is
in the basin of Yueguzonglie
约古宗列盆地 , which is
located in the northern part
of the range. It is sort of like
a Chinese Continental
Divide.
The Yangzi River/Yangtze River
长江【Chángjiāng】
6,418 kilometres (3,988 mi)
The Yangzi/Yangtze River
about 6,380 km long
The Yangzi River, meaning a long river,
originated in Bayan Har Mountains, flows
through Sichuan and across central China
(passing 11 provinces: Qinghai, Xizang/Tibet,
Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai), to
reach the Pacific near modern-day Shanghai;
Note the Yangzi River marks the natural divide
between the south and north;
Jiangnan Region
Two Crops a Year (Rice Cultivation)
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江南 [jiāngnán] south bank of the River—a
region in the lower Changjiang (Yangtze)
valley, including southern Jiangsu and Anhui
and northern Zhejiang (much celebrated in
poetry for its beauties and joys)
鱼米之乡【yúmǐzhīxiāng】 a land of fish and
rice; a land of plenty.
A natural barrier/protection
The (Unpredictable) Course
of the Yellow River
5,464 kilometers (3,395 mi)
The Yellow River passes the Loess Plateau
黄土高原 huángtǔ gāoyuán
The Loess Plateau is shaded.
Taming the Yellow River
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Gun, in ancient
times, used the
method of blocking
the flood;
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Yu the Great, Gun’s
son, used the
method of diverting
the flood;
Yu passed his own
house three times
but did not enter for
a visit since he was
so busy with taming
the Yellow River…
The Yellow River
黄河【huánghé】
5,464 kilometers (3,395 mi)
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The Yellow River rises in Qinghai and forms a long loop
called the Ordos 鄂尔多斯 before flowing across the North
China Plain (passing 9 provinces: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu,
Ningxia, Neimeng/Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan,
and Shandong) to the sea by Shandong peninsula; 山东半岛.
Chinese people have a dynamic relationship with the Yellow
River. (See the DVD to understand the status of the Yellow
River. Later we will revisit it and reflect at a philosophical
level on how to tame the Yellow River)
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Ordos, located in the southwestern side of Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region, separated from Huhehaote, Shanxi
Province, Baotou, Bayannao'er League, Ningxia and Alashan
League by a river on the east, north and west respectively,
and next to Yulin City of Shaanxi Province on the south
Foolish Old Man Moving the
Mountains vs. Yu the Great
Taming the Yellow River
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愚公移山
【yúgōngyíshān】
the Foolish Old Man
removed the
mountains.
to be resolute in
one's endeavor, no
matter what
hardships one
encounters
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Taming the Yellow
River: the Way
The natural way;
事半功倍
【shìbàngōngbèi】
get twice the result
with half the effort.
Mount Tai, a Holy Mountain
泰山【tàishān】
Mt. Tai, a leader
among five mountains
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Mount Tai was originally known as Daizong or
Daishan. Since Qin times (221–207 BC) it has
also been known as Dongyue (“Eastern
Mountain”), one of the five holy mountains of
China, and has usually ranked as the first
among them; the other four are: Mount Heng
衡山 in Hunan province (south), Mount Hua 华
山 in Shaanxi province (west), Mount Heng 恒
山 in Shanxi province (north), and Mount Song
嵩山 in Henan province (central).
Fengshan at Mt. Tai
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Historically important in the cult of official state rituals, Mount
Tai was the site of two of the most spectacular of all the
ceremonies of the traditional Chinese empire. One of them,
called feng, was held on top of Mount Tai and consisted of
offerings to heaven; the other, called shan, was held on a lower
hill and made offerings to earth. These ceremonies are often
referred to together as fengshan (worship of heaven and earth)
and were believed to ensure a dynasty's fortunes or for cultural
Legitimation. Emperors and Empires have to meet certain
standards for Fengshan.
They were carried out at rare intervals—during the Xi (Western)
Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 25) in 110, 106, 102, and 98 BC;
during the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty (AD 25–220) in AD 56;
and by emperors of the Tang dynasty (618–907) in 666 and
again in 725. See Shiji 28: The Treatise on the Feng and Shan
Sacrifices.
Sunrise at Mt. Tai
泰山归来不看岳
天坛【Tiāntán】
the Temple of Heaven
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The complex was visited
by the Emperors of the
Ming and Qing dynasties
for annual ceremonies of
prayer to Heaven for
good harvest. It is
regarded as a Taoist
temple, although
Chinese Heave worship,
especially by the
reigning monarch of the
day, pre-dates Taoism.
Beijing National Stadium
Bird Nest 鸟巢【niǎocháo】
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Beijing National
Stadium 北京国家体育
场; (Běijīng Guójiā
Tǐyùchǎng), also known
as the National
Stadium (国家体育场)
or colloquially as the
Bird's Nest (鸟巢), is a
stadium in Beijing,
China. The stadium
was designed for use
throughout the 2008
Summer Olympics and
Paralympic Games.
不到长城非好汉
【bùdàochángchéngfēihǎohàn】
He who has never been to the Great Wall
is not a true man.
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Since the 5th century BC, several walls have been
built that were referred to as the Great Wall. One of
the most famous is the wall built between 220–206
BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang.
Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing
wall were built during the Ming Dynasty
(1368–1644).
The Great Wall stretches from Shanhaiguan 山海关
in the east to Lop Nur (Lake Lop 罗布泊) in the west,
along an arc that roughly delineates the southern
edge of Inner Mongolia.
“因地形，用险制塞”
On topography/terrain, use narrow passes to
make a strategic point