Transcript Modern China - Mrs. Maners

Pop Quiz!
0. Who is the portrait of in
the next slide?
Modern China
Modern China
• Analyze the impact of
geography, history, and
imperialism on China today
• Evaluate the most effective
way for the U. S. to approach
China in the future
Revolution in
China
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China: Physical Geography
China: Physical Geography
What can you tell
about China just
by looking at it?
1. Where will the
invasions come
from?
2. Where will you
build cities?
3. Who will your
enemies be?
4. What are your
natural barriers?
The Dynastic Cycle
The Mandate of Heaven
Is this a solid system?
1. What are the strengths of this system?
2. What problems might arise?
Chinese Dynasties Song (to the tune of "Frere
Jacques”)
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Sui, Tang, Song
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao and Deng
Mao and Deng
Manchuria
and the
Qing
Dynasty
End of the Qing Dynasty
• Ming 1300s-1600s
• Qing 1600s-1911
– FORBIDEN CITY- Beginning of the Qing Dynasty
• overview
– SUMMER PALACE- Empress Dowager & End of
the Qing
• The British want to trade with
the dynasties
• Treaty of Nanking
– Gives all power of trade to
foreign influence
– Treaty made by the British
– Empire feels forced to
sign the treaty
– Trade must be under
British law
• Everything under
British law
• Hong Kong given to
the British
• Opium Wars
Opium
Wars
1840-42
Empress Dowager Cixi
(1835-1908)
– De facto Chinese
monarch (1861-1908)
(she was a concubine
who had the only son)
– Golden chopsticks
– Bought a summer
palace with the money
for the Navy
– Anti-foreign
– HOWEVER, foreign
influences were the
only way for her to
keep her power
– Blamed by many
Chinese for foreign
imperialist power in
China
• Many see her as the
reason for the end of
the dynasties in China
Fall of the
Qing
Pop Quiz!
1. Name the first dynasty of China.
2. Name the last dynasty of China.
3. Describe two significant accomplishments
and/or failures of the Ming dynasty.
4. Where were Qing royalty from?
5. Where did Qing leaders live (name two
places).
6. This country forced China to buy this product,
which was legal one place and illegal the
other.
7. What are the two main rivers in China?
Pop Quiz, answers!
1. Name the first dynasty of China.
Shang
2. Name the last dynasty of China.
Qing
3. Describe two significant accomplishments
and/or failures of the Ming dynasty.
Built huge naval fleet, destroyed it.
Added to Great Wall, which didn’t stop invaders.
Pop Quiz, answers!
4. Where were Qing royalty from?
Manchuria
5. Where did Qing leaders live (name two places).
Forbidden City
Summer Palace
6. This country forced China to buy this product, which
was legal one place and illegal the other.
England, Opium
7. What are the two main rivers in China?
Yangtze
Yellow
• Boxers:
– Peasants
– Displaced workers
and peasants
– “Society of Glorious
and Harmonious
Fists”
• Goals:
– Get rid of foreign
influence
– Qing Dynasty
(Manchurian ethnic
group) is foreign to
the Boxers, therefore
get rid of them too
– Restore the Ming
Dynasty because this
is when the Han
(ethnic group) ruled
Boxer
Rebellion
Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)
– Founded Kuomintang
(KMT) – Nationalist party
• Overthrew Qing dynasty
• Established a republic
• President of Chinese
Republic
– Pro-democracy
– Pro-republican form of
government
– Pro-western ideas (but
wants to maintain
Chinese sovereignty)
» Democracy can help
China!
Kuomintang
Revolution
(1912)
Kuomintang symbol
Three Principles of the People
Kuomintang
1. Principle of Mínquán
• Democracy – the people are sovereign
2. Principle of Mínzú
• Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism
3. Principle of Mínshēng
• Social Reforms– economic development,
industrialization, modernized, technology
and social welfare – elements of
progressivism and socialism
•
•
China is so far behind in technology at this point
Want to compete with the rest of the world
Kuomintang: Weaknesses
• Disunity (2 PROBLEMS):
1. Local warlords fought Kuomintang for
control
–Greedy warlords who think the disunity will
help them gain power
2. Wars raged between 1912 and 1928
• Nationalists vs. Communists
• Also, poor transportation
– 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track
• 225,000 miles in the United States
– Few decent roads
• Right wing
–Business people
–Politicians
• Left wing
–Communists
–Intellectuals
–Radicals
–Students
The
Kuomintang
(KMT) is
Split
• Supports KMT and
Sun Yat-Sen
• 1927 becomes
commander and
chief of the KMT
army
• Puts down
Warlords
– Finally unifies the
country
• Later starts war
with Chinese
Communist Party
Chiang
Kai-shek
Civil War in China
• 1927-1932 and 1933-1937 – war
between Communists and
Nationalists
–Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao
Zedong)
–Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek
• War halted 1932-1933 and 19371945 to fight Japanese aggression
before and during WWII
World War I and the
Treaty of
Versailles
– China did not sign
the Treaty of
Versailles
• Therefore border
conflicts with Japan
and China
– Japan attempted to
make China a
Japanese
protectorate (they
did so with Korea)
– Action condemned
and stopped by
other leading world
powers
Foreign ImperialistsJapan
• Nationalists and
Communists now fought
TOGETHER against Japan
• July 1937 Japan takes over
North China and moves
toward Beijing
• Japan takes over Nanking
– 300,000 people die
– Disastrous
– Level the city
– Japanese have superior
“everything” because
they used Western
technology
• Nanking Massacre
• Who can save China?
Rape of
Nanking
• Mao Zedong (Communist leader) gains support for the
communist fight
• Kai-Shek wants to eliminate communists out of Kuomintang
– Ends up gaining supporters for communists… oops
• Communists march out of city to farmland
– 100,000 started (many deaths along the way)
– 30,000 left
Long March
Civil War in China
• Communists and
Nationalists resumed war
after fighting Japan
• Communists were victorious
in 1949
• Nationalists retreated to
Formosa (Taiwan) (across
Formosa Straight)
Suggestion for processing:
Graph the following using information from the PP
Foreign
Influence
Timeline
March of Communism
• What has happened?
• What are your predictions?
• Many Kuomintang
converted to Communists
• Manchuria – taken over by
Communists in 1948
– Japan had can control of it
• December, 1949 -Communists in control
• Chiang Kai-shek and
Nationalists retreated to
Formosa (Taiwan)
Communists
in Control –
1949
Communist
China gained
control over:
– Chinese
– Turkestan
(Xinjiang)
– Inner
Mongolia
– Manchuria
– Tibet
– (Later
Taiwan)
Geographical
Changes
PRC = People’s Repblic of China (Communists) / ROC = Republic of China (Nationalists)
• Communist
government on
mainland China
• Mao Tse-tung (Mao
Zedong)
– Chairman Mao –
chairman of the
Communist party and
leader of China –
1943-1976
Political Changes
under Mao
• First Five-Year Plan (1953-1957)
– Advances in agriculture and coal,
electricity, iron, and steel
production
• Second Five-Year Plan (19581962)
– “Great Leap Forward”
• China became a leading industrial
country
• Peasants organized into communes
• Widespread catastrophe – famine – at
least 14 million deaths (maybe even
40 million)
• Not recorded because Mao tells
everyone of the glories of communism
• Melt down pots and pans for medal
(meet quotas)
• Nothing to cook or farm with
• Lie in order to meet demands, sell off too
much food
• Uneducated, bad harvest
• Students in China are not this history
Economic
Changes
under Mao
“Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution”
– Most groups (anti-communist or
anti-Mao) destroyed
–
–
–
–
–
Educated…killed
Buddhist…killed
Pro-dynasties…killed
Own Books…killed
Mao hater…killed
– Effort to revive interest in Mao’s
ideas (and for Mao to regain
power) after the failed Great
Leap Forward
– Mao claimed that reactionary
bourgeoisie elements were
taking over the party
– Call for youths to engage in
post-revolutionary class warfare
– Red Guards (consisting of
young people) marched
throughout China
– Older alleged reactionaries
removed from positions of
power
Cultural
Revolution
(19661969)
4 OLDS
1.Old Customs
2.Old Traditions
3.Old Habits
4.Old Ideas
• Teenagers who have been
indoctrinated
– Believed they have been
inspired
– Youth completely
manipulated by adults
• Force people to believe in
Mao
• Red Guards start fighting
each other because each
Red Guard group believe
they are better Maoists
– Gang warfare
Red
Guards
Mao’s Little Red Book
• The Chinese Communist Party is the core of
the Chinese revolution, and its principles are
based on Marxism-Leninism. Party criticism
should be carried out within the Party.
• The revolution, and the recognition of class
and class struggle, are necessary for
peasants and the Chinese people to
overcome both domestic and foreign enemy
elements. This is not a simple, clean, or quick
struggle.
• War is a continuation of politics, and there
are at least two types: just (progressive) and
unjust wars, which only serve bourgeois
interests. While no one likes war, we must
remain ready to wage just wars against
imperialist agitations.
Mao’s Little Red Book
• Fighting is unpleasant, and the people of China
would prefer not to do it at all. At the same time,
they stand ready to wage a just struggle of selfpreservation against reactionary elements, both
foreign and domestic.
• China's road to modernization will be built on the
principles of diligence and frugality. Nor will it be
legitimate to relax if, 50 years later, modernization
is realized on a mass scale.
• A communist must be selfless, with the interests
of the masses at heart. He must also possess a
largeness of mind, as well as a practical, farsighted mindset.
• Women represent a great productive force in
China, and equality among the sexes is one of the
goals of communism. The multiple burdens which
women must shoulder are to be eased.
CULTURAL CLEANSING
• “Look. This is called the Good
Fortune Photo Studio. Doesn’t that
mean to make a lot of money, just
like Great Prosperity Market?
Chairman Mao told us that was
exploitation. Don’t you think this is
fourolds?”
– “Right. We should change it to
the Proletarian Photo Studio”
• “We had often been sorry that we
were too young to have fought with
Chairman Mao against the
Japanese invaders; against the
dictator Chiang Kai-Shek, who
ruthlessly oppressed the Chinese
people…”
Tiananmen Square
• Youth occupy Tiananmen Square as a sit-down
protest
– For freedom
– Not necessarily against government
– Goal: want slightly more democracy
• Youth occupy Square in April 1989
– June forced to disperse
– June 3-4 night of massacre
• 5,000 people die
• The reason we know about it is because there
were foreign journalists there who were
protected by the protesters
– Many died in order to protect journalists
– China is forced to loosen up
Tank Man
This happened
during Tiananmen
Square
Today
• China Warns Foreign Media Not to Cover
Protest (NPR)
– “ Chinese police are further intensifying
pressure on foreign reporters, warning
them to stay away from spots designated
for Middle East-inspired protests and
threatening them with expulsion or a
revoking of their credentials.”
Love-hate relationship with foreign travelers
Next, China today …
Review Questions
1. Which group led the Republican
Revolution of 1912?
2. What common enemy united the
Nationalists and Communists?
3. Who led the Communist Revolution?
4. Describe the Great Leap Forward.
5. Describe the Cultural Revolution.
6. What issues face China today?