Transcript Chapter 14 East Asia - Fulton County Schools

Chapter 12
Mongols, Ming Dynasty, and
East Asia 1200-1500
Mongol Empires
Mongol Empires
Genghis Khan
(Temujin) – Supreme
Leader
Rise to Power
Mongol Political
Organization.
Selected leader not by
family or tribal ties but
on their talents and
loyalty.
Most important
institution was the
army.
Mongol Empires
Mongol Armies
Equestrian skills.
Archery skills
Mobility.
Resistance to
Mongols:
None=spared lives.
Resistance = death
to entire population
Exception was to
craftsmen, artisans,
etc.
Mongol Conquest
Mongol Empires
Mongol conquests of Northern China
1211, Mongol raiding parties entered Jurgen
controlled lands in Northern China.
By 1215, the Jurgen capital fell to Genghis
Khan.
Capital was named Khanbaliq (City of the
Khan).
Fighting between the Mongols and Jurgens
continued until 1234 but by 1220, the Mongols
controlled most of Northern China.
Mongol Empires
Mongol Conquest of Persia
1218, Genghis Khan sent envoys to open trade
and diplomatic relations with Khwarazam Shah
who has succeed the Seljuk Turks.
The Shah murdered the Khan’s envoys.
In 1219, Genghis Khan lead his armies west
into Persia.
The Mongols ruthlessly destroyed cities,
qanats, and the agricultural base of Persia.
The Mongols now controlled and vast area of
land.
Mongol Empires - 1300
Mongol Empires
By the time of Genghis Khan’s death in
1227, he had laid the foundations for a vast
empire that stretched from Asia to the
Middle East.
However, he failed to establish an effective
government to run his empire.
Local Mongol overlords were put in the
conquered lands to supervise local
administrators and collect tribute.
Contributions of Genghis Khan
Religious
Tolerance
Written Language
Support for Arts
and Crafts
Legal Code
Mongol Empires
After Genghis Khan’s death, the
Mongols continued to expand their
empire.
His son, Ogodei, established the
Mongol capital at Karakorum. From
1240-1260, it attracted merchants,
ambassadors, missionaries, and
others from Eurasia.
Mongol Leadership
Genghis Khan
1207-1227
Jochi
Batu
Golden Horde
Jagadai
Jagadai Khanate
Central Asia
Ogodei
Tolui
Guyuk
Khubilia
(Yuan Empire)
Mongke
Hulegu
Il-Khan
Mongol Empires
During this time, the empire was ruled
by the Great Khan, who ruled from
the capital.
The empire was divided into 4 regional
empires:
China – The Great Khan
Khanate of Jagadai – Central Asia
Ilkhan – Persia
Golden Horde – Russia
Mongol Empires
Although the Great Khan was superior, the
regional rulers constantly fought against
each other.
When Ogodei died in 1241, these regional
conflicts erupted.
In 1265, Kubilia seized power. The other
Khans refused to accept his authority.
Karakorum was destroyed in the fighting.
Mongol Empires
By 1271, Khubilia declared himself
the emperor and founded the Yuan
Dynasty.
Khubilia ruled China during the Mongols’
golden age.
He supported the arts, the spread of
Buddhism, and tolerance for other
religions.
In 1279, he destroyed the Song Dynasty
in southern China.
Mongol Empires
Khubilia’s successes in conquest were
limited. In the 1280’s he attempted to
invade Southeast Asia. However, the
Mongols tactics were largely unsuccessful
in the hot, humid climates of the region but
the Mongols were able to establish “tribute
states” in Vietnam.
His attempted invasions of Japan were met
with defeat – kamikaze (Divine Winds).
He was more successful in adopting some
Chinese customs.
Mongol Empires
Khubilia established his capital in
Beijing.
He used Chinese aristocrats to help
him governed the empire in China.
He included Confucian values and
ideals in his laws.
He abolished many of the regional
Chinese governments and
standardized the government.
Mongol Empires
He changed the system of taxation
from direct taxation to tax farming.
Status of individuals were based upon
where they were from or who their
ancestors were. (Social hierarchy).
Established districts for the purpose
of census taking and administration.
Mongol Empires
Throughout the Mongol Empire, they
adopted the local customs and
traditions.
Il Khanate – Mongols gradually
converted into Islam.
The exception to this was China.
Chinese were forbidden to learn the Mongol
language or intermarry. Farmers were
forced from the lands. Estimated of 40 % of
the Chinese population died of starvation.
Contributions of Khubilia Khan
Established an
administration to govern
China
Supported agriculture,
trade, and crafts
Patronized painting, the
decorative arts, and theater
Provided funds and
support for Buddhist
monasteries, Confucian
scholarship, Islamic
mosques, and Nestorian
Christian churches
Mongol Influences in China
Stabilized trade and economy.
Gentry population shifted from
countryside to cities.
Introduction of Mongolian language
influenced dialect of Mandarin.
Massive population shifts from
Northern to Southern China.
Bubonic Plague
Mongol Influences on Trade
Mongols depended on agricultural
peoples they conquered.
Initially, trade on Silk Road was
disrupted by Mongols.
Later, the Mongols protected and
stabilized the trade routes and the
merchants.
Mongols Influence on Diplomacy
and Missionaries
Mongols maintained embassies in all
conquered lands. They also had
diplomatic relations with Vietnam, Korea,
India, and Europe.
Protection of the trade routes allowed
missionaries to spread religion throughout
their empire.
Mongols also encouraged the resettlement
of peoples in their empire.
Craftsmen, artisans, skilled workers.
Decline of the Mongol Empire
Il Khanate – Economic collapse lead
by uncontrolled spending.
China – Economic failure along with
inflation and internal unrest.
Beginning in the 1320’s, there were a
series of civil wars, political
assassinations, and power struggles.
Decline of the Mongol Empires
By 1368, the Chinese had forced the
Mongols to leave China and return to
the steppes of Mongolia.
Khanate of Chaghatia and the Golden
Horde in Russia continued after the
collapse of the Great Khanate and the
Il Khanate.
Ming Dynasty 1368-1500
In 1368, a former soldier, bandit, and
Buddhism Monk named Zhu Yangzhang
establishes the Ming Dynasty.
He organized his dynasty into a highly
centralized and military empire.
Zhu sought to remove any remaining Mongol
influences in China.
Trade and the economic system was impacted.
Removal of the paper money economy.
Ming Dynasty
Ming rulers did keep the Mongols in
position of interpreters and many of the
innovations introduced during the Yuan
Dynasty.
Zheng He’ journeys from 1405-31.
Chinese Treasure Junks (pg. 380)
Muslim
Effective ambassador to Middle East on his
journeys.
Mission was twofold; see what the outside
world had to offer and visit Chinese merchants
and ensure their alliance to the emperor.