Transcript RESURGENCE OF EMPIRE IN EAST ASIA

Warmup
• Put the following in order:
– Qin Dynasty
– Shang Dynasty
– Warring States Period
– Zhou Dynasty
– Han Dynasty
1368
Homework:
Tuesday:
p.276-281 in the red book
You may either do 2 pages of notes
OR
Give the significance of the following terms:
Tang Empire
Li Shimin
Mahayana Buddhism
tributary system
Chang’an
bubonic plague
Homework:
Wednesday: p.285-292 in the red book
You may either do 2 pages of notes
OR
Give the significance of the following terms:
Song Empire
Liao Empire
Jin Empire
Song technology
Chan Buddhism
Hangzhou
Why do we do SCRIPTED
again?
Imaginary CCOT:
Analyze changes and continuities in
China from 500 to 1200 CE.
Why do we do SCRIPTED
again?
Imaginary CCOT:
Analyze economic changes and
continuities in China from 500 to 1200
CE.
Introduction of Champa
rice from Vietnam
• What part of SCRIPTED is it?
– If you want, it can be interactions between
China and Vietnam
– It could be demography, because it led to
a population increase
– It could be technology, because it
involved new agricultural techniques
– It could be economic, because it was
traded widely as the most important food
crop in China
COLORS!
• Red stuff is important, put it in your
SCRIPTED
• Blue means discuss it with a partner or
partners
RESURGENCE OF
EMPIRE IN EAST
ASIA
CHINA UNDER THE SUI,
TANG, AND SONG
ANARCHY IN CHINA
• Conflict and Change: 220-589
– Three Kingdoms 220-265
– Jin Dynasty 265-420
– Southern and Northern Dynasties 420-589
• Period Resembled Western European history after the
collapse of the Romans
– Disunity and civil war between nomads and Chinese warlords
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Rival states, dynasties, each controlling a part of the old Han state
Confucianism in decline, Buddhism in ascendancy due to its relationship with the
nomads
Confucian trained bureaucrats still held much influence
– Common Chinese subject to taxes, warfare, drafting into army,
frequent invasions, bandits
BUDDHISM ARRIVES IN CHINA
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Buddhism in China
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Attraction: moral standards, intellectual sophistication, salvation, appeal to
women, poor
Monasteries became large landowners, helped the poor and needy
Posed a challenge to Chinese cultural traditions
Buddhism and Daoism
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Chinese monks explained Buddhist concepts in Daoist vocabulary
Dharma as dao
Teaching: one son in monastery would benefit whole family for 10 generations
Mahayana Buddhism
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Buddha as a man became Buddha as a god, saint
Stupa became a pagoda; Buddha became fat or feminine
Chan Buddhism
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A further evolution of Buddhism
Chan (or Zen in Japanese) was a popular Buddhist sect
Monasteries appeared in all major cities
How do you think the Buddhists were
treated in China as they gained
power?
BUDDHISM ARRIVES IN CHINA
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Hostility to Buddhism
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Resistance from Daoists and Confucians
Popular criticism focused on celibacy, alien origin,
Governmental criticism: unproductive land, could not tax
Persecution
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Critics of Buddhism found allies in the imperial court
Tang emperor ordered closure of monasteries in 840s
Buddhism survived because of popular support
How is the split in Buddhism into
Chan and Mahayana Buddhism
similar to developments in other
religions?
1368
SUI DYNASTY
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After fall of the Han, turmoil lasted for more than 350 years
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Three major states contended for rule; further fragmentation
Nomads constantly invaded, created their own states, dynasties
The rule of the Sui
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Reunification by Yang Jian in 589
Constructions of palaces and granaries, repairing the Great Wall
Military expeditions in central Asia and Korea
High taxes and compulsory labor services
The fall of the Sui
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High taxes and forced labor generated hostility among the people
Military reverses in Korea
Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, the end of the dynasty
In uniting China after a period of
conflict, what other dynasty is the Sui
similar to?
Sui Dynasty: The Grand Canal
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The Grand
Canal
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Linked the
Yangtze and
the Huang-Hi
The canal
integrated the
economies of
the south and
north
1368
THE TANG DYNASTY
• Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 CE)
– A rebel leader seized Chang'an, proclaimed a new dynasty,
the Tang
– Tang Taizong
• 2nd Tang emperor, a ruthless but extremely competent ruler
• China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and prosperity
• Extensive networks of transportation and
communications
• Adopted the equal-field system
• Bureaucracy of merit
– Recruited government officials through civil service
examinations
– Career bureaucrats relied on central government, loyal to the
dynasty
– Restored Confucianism as state ideology, training for
bureaucrats
THE TANG DYNASTY
• Foreign relations
– Political theory: China was the Middle Kingdom, or the
center of civilization
– Tributary system became diplomatic policy
• Tang decline
– Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic crisis
– Rebellion of An Lushan in 755, weakened the dynasty
– A large scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao lasted
from 875 to 884
– Regional commanders gained power, beyond control of the
emperor
THE TANG DYNASTY
• Foreign relations
– Political theory: China was the Middle Kingdom, or the
center of civilization
– Tributary system became diplomatic policy
• Tang decline
– Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic crisis
– Rebellion of An Lushan in 755, weakened the dynasty
– A large scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao lasted
from 875 to 884
– Regional commanders gained power, beyond control of the
emperor
Who does THIS sound like?
How is the fall of the Sui similar to
the fall of the Tang?
TANG CHINA
What is right here?
TANG ART
1368
SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.)
• Song weaknesses
– Song never had military, diplomatic
strength of Sui, Tang
– Financial problems
• Enormous bureaucracy with high salary
devoured surplus
• Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to
avoid war
– Military problems
• Civil bureaucrats in charge of military
forces
• Military was largely foot soldiers at war with
cavalry nomads
SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.)
– External pressures
• Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen
attacked in north
• Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to
nomads
– The Song moved to the south, ruled
south China until 1279
• Nomads invaded, overran northern
Song lands
• Song retreated to the South along
Yangtze, moved capital
• After defeat, constantly forced to pay
tribute
What is tribute and why is it
usually a bad idea to pay it?
THE SONG WORLD
NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN
DYNASTIES
THE SONG ARTISTIC WORLD
What do you notice about the art?
DEMOGRAPHIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS
• An agricultural revolution
– Twice flowering, fast-ripening rice increased food supplies
– New agricultural techniques increased production
– Population growth
• 45 to 115 million inhabitants
• Between 600 and 1200 C.E.
• Commercialized agriculture
– Some regions depended on other regions for food
– Extreme surplus of southern rice allowed cities to flourish
CH’ANG-AN & HANGZHOU
Become two largest world cities
• Urbanization: China most
urbanized country in period
– Chang'an had about 2 million
residents
– Hangzhou had about 1 million
residents
– Many cities boasted
population of 100,000 or more
NEO-CONFUCIANISM
• Taoist, Buddhist Synthesis with
Confucianism
– Early Confucianism focused on practical
issues
• Politics, Public Morality, Social Relationships
– Confucians drew inspiration
• From Buddhism Spirituality
• From Taoism Cosmology
• Xenophobia Contributes, too
– Invasions by nomads, Turks and Mongols
threatened state
– Foreign ideas began to circulate
– Too many threats to society, traditions
PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
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Developments reinforced patriarchal society
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Chinese reaction to foreign ideas
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Reaction to Buddhist’s gender equality
Neo-Confucianism emphasized patriarchy
Ancestor worship revived
Foot binding gained popularity during the Song
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Emphasized dependence of women on men, home
Male sense of beauty at women’s expense
Poor, peasant women not subject to footbinding
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Women had to work with men to support family
Men could not afford to have women at home, idle
What are some (class appropriate)
ways that people go through pain to
increase their attractiveness?
Warmup
• What was your thesis for your East Asia
CCOT yesterday?
• CCOT outline due today
TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY
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Porcelain
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Technology diffused to other societies, especially to Abbasid
Arabia
Metallurgy
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Improvement: used coke instead of coal in furnaces to make iron,
steel
Iron production increased tenfold between the early 9th and 12th
century
Gunpowder
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Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang
Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower, and primitive
bombs
Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia
Yes, I said bamboo fire lances
TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY
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Printing
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Became common during the Tang
From block-printing to movable type
Books became widespread
Naval technology
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"South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass
Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight compartments
How is movable type the
most important invention?
SONG LIFE
A MARKET ECONOMY
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Merchants in Charge
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Only period in China where merchants socially superior to aristocrats
Merchants attempted to intermarry with aristocrats, become landowners
Merchants attempted to have sons admitted as Confucian bureaucrats
Financial instruments
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“Flying money " were letters of credit
Paper money backed by state, treasury
A cosmopolitan society
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Foreign merchants in large cities of China
Mostly Arab (Muslim), Indian, S.E. Asian
Chinese merchants journeyed throughout region
Economic surge in China
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An economic revolution in China
Made China the wealthiest nation in the world at time
Promoted economic growth in the eastern hemisphere
On the Mid-Autumn Festival of the year Bingchen I drank
Happily till dawn and wrote this in my cups while thinking of Ziyou.
Bright moon, when was your birth?
Wine cup in hand, I ask the deep blue sky;
Not knowing what year it is tonight
In those celestial palaces on high.
I long to fly back on the wind,
Yet dread those crystal towers, those courts of jade,
Freezing to death among those icy heights!
Instead I rise to dance with my pale shadow;
Better off, after all, in the world of men.
Rounding the red pavilion,
Stooping to look through gauze windows,
She shines on the sleepless.
The moon should know no sadness;
Why, then, is she always full when dear ones are parted?
For men, the grief of parting, joy of reunion,
Just as the moon wanes and waxes, is bright or dim;
Always some flaw ?And so it has been since of old.
My one wish for you, then, is long life
And a share in this loveliness far, far away! -Su Shi, Song Dynasty
Number a sheet
of paper 1-10
1
What is an example of patriarchy in T’ang
or Song China?
2
How were Mahayana Buddhism and NeoConfucianism similar?
3
Draw the social hierarchy (in pyramid
form) for China during the T’ang Dynasty.
4
Why did the T’ang station military
garrisons on the roads to Turkestan?
5
What was the equal-farm system?
6
How was the Sui dynasty similar to the
Qin dynasty?
7
Why did the Song have to abandon
northern China?
8
What effect did Champa rice have on
Song China?
9
Why was the Grand Canal significant?
10
Name two Chinese inventions during the
T’ang and Song dynasties.
JAPAN!
Japan Unification
• Yamato Clan emerged circa 400 CE
• Unifying religion: Shinto
– Animism
– Obedience and proper behavior
– Ancestor veneration
Which belief system does Shinto seem closest to?
From China
• Buddhism (Zen or Chan) spread by 522
CE
• Taika Reforms (645 CE)
– Made Japan more like China
– Under new Shogun (Fujiwara clan)
– Led Japanese officials and religious leaders to
China
– Encouraged Buddhism and Confucianism
– Chinese court rituals
– Built capital of Nara on Chinese city models
What worked from China?
This worked
• Aristocracy (nobility)
• Buddhism (Chan
Buddhism)
• Chinese calligraphy
• University system
• Song poetry
This didn’t stay in Japan
• Meritocracy
• Confucianism
• Severe patriarchy
How was the
decline of
Confucianism
linked to the
decline of
patriarchy in
Japan?
Japanese Feudalism
• Shogun was most powerful
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Actually ruled Japan
Emperor was a figurehead
Daimyo = Lord
Samurai = knight
• Women had very few rights due to rise of male warrior
mentality
• No law binding serfs to their land (farmers and samurai
could change loyalties)
• Far fewer farmers than Europe
– Less land
– Fishing was more important in Japan
Japanese Feudalism
What are some differences you see?
European Kingdoms
Why were the armors of
samurai and knights so
different?
Knights and Samurai
• Armor
– Knights armor stopped swords and axes
– Samurai meant to stop arrows
• Honor
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Knights: chivalry
Samurai: Code of Bushido
Both set rules for combat, bravery
Samurai who dishonored their families were
expected to commit seppuku.
– Only European chivalry stressed proper treatment
of women