Transcript Chapter 11
Chapter 11 Discussion and review Sui Dynasty Sui Dynasty (581 -618) Reunified China and established a central government Based and Confucianism and Buddhism Reason for decline Ambitious construction, Grand canal , irrigation, and military projects Several (4) loosing battles against the powerful Kokuryo kingdom in Korea was detrimental to their decline The Grand Canal of China The Grand Canal of China is the world's oldest and longest canal The building of the canal began in 486 B.C.E during the Zhou Dynasty and later by Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty The canal is 1,795 Km (1,114 miles (linked yellow river and Yangtze river) Had an enormous political and economic effect on China’s development Tang Dynasty 618 – 907 • Centralized government • But allowed local nobles to exercise significant power • Expanded their influence into Central and Southeast Asia, • demanded tribute from such places as Korea and Vietnam. • Chan' an (capital city was cosmopolitan) • Integrated cultures from all parts of Asia Appeal of Buddhism Politics Mahayana Buddhism was used to legitimize their control supplied a spiritual function for kings and emperors bodhisattvas Protecting spirits would aid the ruler in governing of the state Cultural diffusion Buddhism also facilitated the exchange of language, culture, and technology throughout eastern and central Asia Return to Confucianism • In the late 9th century Confucianism was reasserted • Reintroduced the use of Confucian scholars in running the government Medical Achievement! • Tang physicians developed a small pox vaccine in the 10th century. • Not widespread until 16th century Wu Zhao First Chinese Emperor 690 - 705 • Buddhism was used to used to legitimize women’s participation in politics • Buddhist used as a scapegoat later in the Tang dynasty why? • Tax exemption, undermining family values, attracted hundreds to become nuns and monks Chinese Noblewoman, 8th century-Tang Dynasty Tang Women characterized by open-mindedness and liberal ideas. More likely to exercise greater influence in managements of property, arts, and in politics than women in later Chinese societies Had the right to own Property Remarriage Divorce Allowed noble women to participate in polo matches Chinese Society Under the Tang and Song dynasties, China was a well-ordered society. GENTRY • Most scholar-officials were gentry, from the wealthy landowning class. • government and society should be governed by Confucius ideals PEASANTS and MERCHANTS: •Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land. •Peasants could move up in society through education and government service. MERCHANTS •According to Confucian tradition, merchants were an even lower class than peasants because their riches came from the labor of others. Song Dynasty 960-1279 • Song leaders supported a revival of Confucian thought. WHY? • The ideal Confucian official was a wise, virtuous scholar. • Implemented Civil Service exams to recruit the most talented men The Arts • Tang / Song artisans were known for their fine porcelain (sole supplier in world trade), and calligraphy Inventions • Under the Song, the Chinese adapted the use of movable type printing machines from Korea. • allowed for faster printing, and the widespread diffusion of ideas. • Other inventions include the spinning wheel, gun powder, high quality steel • Why did technological explosion take place? • Economic and military pressure from their neighbors Antique Chinese Silk Spinning Wheel Footbinding In Asia Footbinding-Where did it come from? • Chinese folklore attributes the origins of footbinding to a fox who tried to conceal its paws while assuming the human guise of the Shang Empress. • Another version suggests that the Empress had a club foot and insisted that all women bind their feet so that hers became the model for beauty in the court. Started in the Song Dynasty. • Some men, such as actors or male prostitutes, also bound their feet. The Practice of Footbinding Footbinding began in China during the Song dynasty (10th century) and continued until the end of the Qing dynasty. The practice was formally prohibited in China in 1911 but continued in isolated regions well into the 1930s. Korea and Japan During the Middle Ages 500-1600 Korean Peninsula Korea’s location on China’s doorstep has played a key role in its history and development Chinese Influence Buddhism (mahayana) Confucianism How did Korea influence Japan? Korean warriors united small country of Japan under a central government Disseminated the ideas of Buddhism, Confucianism, architecture Era of Three Kingdoms Between 300 and 600 C.E., three powerful kingdoms emerged: Shilla, Koguryo, and Paekche. Shilla becomes the dominate kingdom and eventually establishes the first dynasty; help from China (Tang)… HOW?? Hwarang - Korea's Warrior Knights Koryo Dynasty 918-1392 AD It was the Koryo dynasty that ascended after Shilla and again brought unity to the Korean nation. During this period the development of the martial art known today as Taekwondo became more systematized and was made a compulsory requirement for selection and training in the military. TaeKwondo Geography of Japan Japan is located on an archipelago,. 2. Four-fifths of Japan is mountainous 3. Most people settled in narrow river valleys and along coastal plains. 4. The surrounding seas have both protected and isolated Japan 1. Shinto: Japan’s Native Religion • • • Shinto means: “The way of the gods.” No complex rituals or philosophy. Importance of family, love of nature “kami”, physical cleanliness, The worship and honor given to the Kami and ancestral spirits. Shinto Explained Yamato Clan 500-1000 CE First and only dynasty why? • Emperor wielded only symbolic power • Emperor Akihito and wif Chinese Civilization Influenced Early Japan In the early 600s, Japan began sending students, monks, traders, and officials to China. These visitors returned to Japan eager to spread Chinese thought, technology, and the arts. Rise of Japanese Feudalism •By 11th century large landowners set up private armies and raided the countryside •Small farmers hired “protection” from the gentry class in exchange for land •Feudalism arrived in Japan… Japanese Social Structure In theory, the emperor was at the top Real power lay in the hands of the shogun, or supreme military commander. The shogun distributed land to vassal lords who agreed to protect them. These great warrior lords were called daimyo. They, in turn, granted land to lesser warriors called samurai. First Shogun Ruler Minamoto Yoritomo •He set up the Kamakura Shongunate •First of three military dynasties that would rule Japan for 700 years Minamoto Yoritomo The Warriors World •Belonging to a Japanese samurai class was a hereditary membership •Highly trained and received special privileges in Japanese society 19th century Samurai Japanese Warrior Armor “The way of the warrior” •A code of unquestioning obedience •Honor more important than wealth or life •Absolute loyalty to one’s lord •A true samurai would have no fear of death •Practiced “seppuku” a ritual suicide Zen Buddhism •It emphasizes physical and mental health •Transition easy for the Shinto believers •Believed in the unity of nature •Buddhist monasteries were centers of learning and the arts •Meditation and prayer are Introduced into important to spiritual growth Japan by Eisai Zen Buddhism