Transcript Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China

CHAPTER 4
Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
World Civilization: The Global Experience
Fifth Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
IV. The Later Han
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Kung Fuzi (Confucius)
Late 500s B.C.E.
Wandering scholars
Analects, collected sayings
I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis
of the Later Zhou
Role of shi gives way to military, aristocracy
Merchants become important
A. Confucius and the Restoration of the Shi
Concern with stability, peace
Role of moral elite
Education central
B. The Confucian Gentleman
Moral rectitude
Public and private spheres equally important
Kings should be reminded of duties
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou
C. The Heirs of Confucius
Division: Mencius, Sunzi
Mencius
Natural goodness
Government should encourage goodness
through consent
Sunzi
Natural weakness, evil
Government must be strong
Education improving
Legalists
D. Daoist Alternatives
Laozi
Philosopher
Retreat from society
State cannot solve all problems
Nature
Dao, cosmic force
Meditation
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity
Qin Dynasty
Originally nomadic, marginal
Shi Huangdi
Zhou rival
c. 200 B.C.E.
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity
A. The Transformation of a “Barbarian” Land
Reforms
Improved technology
Peasants freed
Autonomous warrior lords weakened
Shi used in bureaucracy
Military transformed
Influence of nomads
Cavalry
Crossbow
B. The Legalists
Shang Yang
Absolute rulers under rule of law
All to serve the state
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity
C. Shi Huangdi, Emperor of China
Unification by 221 B.C.E.
Warriors disarmed
Upper classes to live in capital Xianyang
Unification: common writing, coinage,
weights and measures
Great Wall
China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
D. Opposition
207 B.C.E., rebellion
Lasting impact
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
Liu Bang (Gaozu)
Peasant
202 B.C.E., becomes first ruler
A. The Restoration of Imperial Control
Centralized state
Expansion
Hsiung-nu nomads
Sporadically disruptive
Realm extended to Korea and Vietnam
Assimilation
Education common
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
B. The Shi
Legalists replaced by shi
Dominance of Confucianism
Basis of government exams
Education, Examinations
Examination system
Meritocracy
The Scholar-Gentry
Basic strata: the shi, other free subjects, the “mean people”
local property-owners linked to shi
scholar-gentry
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
C. Class and Gender Roles in Han Society
Peasants
Range from dependent poor to more wealthy
Production increased
More land in cultivation
Horse collar, wheelbarrow
Formed secret societies
Women
More freedom in this period
Upper classes
Arranged marriages
Education common
Medicine: diagnosis, remedies, acupuncture
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
D. Towns and Commerce
Xian, capital
Walls, towers
Grid pattern
approx. 100,000 citizens
approx. 100,000 in hinterland
"Forbidden city“
Trade
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
E. Arts and Sciences
Invention
Innovative period
Paper
Compasses
Watermills
Rudders
Technology improves
Art
Decorative arts thrive
Calligraphy
Science
Calendar: 365.5
Medicine: diagnosis, remedies, acupuncture
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
IV. The Later Han
A. Crisis
Emperor's wives
Wang family, 9 - 23 C.E.
Wang Mang
Overthrown by scholar-gentry and peasants
B. Later Han
Restoration, 23 C.E.
Central power declines
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007