Transcript China: The Middle Kingdom

CHINA
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM & LAND UNDER
HEAVEN
Dynastic Government
Chinese
regarded their ruler as the Son of
Heaven.
Received the Mandate of Heaven, right to rule.
(Similar to the European “divine right of kings.”)
Dynasties-Ruling families of China rose and fell
by dynastic cycle.
24-28 dynasties over China’s 5,000 years
 The Han Dynasty later introduced four parts
that all future dynasties would have:
Four Major Parts of Dynastic Government
Single ruler-Emperor- made laws, in
charge of government, interpreted the
ideology
Government Officials-Bureaucrats
appointed on basis of civil service
examinations.
System of Laws-Laws made by emperor
and bureaucrats.
The official Ideology-political
philosophy enforced by the bureaucrats.
The Dynastic Cycle
The Forbidden City-Where the emperor and his court
lived. Ordinary people were forbidden.
Early Dynasties
Xia
 Shang
 Zhou
 Qin
 Han
Sui
Tang
Yuan or Mongol

European an the Ming Dynasty
European interested in China and East Asia
 The Ming had no interest in Europe
 A Ming document proclaimed, “our empire
owns the world.”
The Ming offered Europeans limited trade.
Portuguese wanted Chinese silks and
porcelains, but had little to offer in exchange.
European textiles and metalwork were
inferior to Chinese products

European an the Ming Dynasty
The
Chinese therefore demanded payment
in gold or silver
Ming eventually allow Portuguese a trading
post at Macao
Later, they let Dutch, English, and other
Europeans trade with Chinese merchants.
Foreigners could trade only at Canton under
the supervision of imperial officials.
When each year’s trading season ended, they
had to sail away.
China Rejects Western Trade
The Manchu Qing Dynasty
By
early 1600s, the Ming dynasty was
decaying.
Revolts erupted, and Manchu invaders
from the north pushed through the Great
Wall.
The Manchus ruled a region in the
northeast, Manchuria, that had long been
influenced by Chinese civilization.
The Manchu Qing Dynasty
In 1644, victorious Manchu armies
seized Beijing and made it their capital.
The Manchus set up a new dynasty
called the Qing
The Chinese economy expanded
New crops from the Americas, such as
potatoes and corn, had been introduced
into China.

The Manchu Qing Dynasty
These crops boosted farm output, which
in turn contributed to a population boom.
China’s population rose from 140 million
in 1740 to over 300 million by 1800.
The silk, cotton, and porcelain industries
expanded. Internal trade grew, as did the
demand for Chinese goods from all over the
world.

The Manchu Qing Dynasty
The Qing maintained the Ming policy of
restricting foreign traders.
Europeans kept pressing to expand trade
 In 1793, Lord Macartney arrived in China
at the head of a British diplomatic mission.
Brought samples of British-made goods to
show the Chinese
Chinese looked on the goods as crude
products, thought they were gifts offered as
tribute to the emperor.

The Manchu Qing Dynasty
 Macartney insisted on an audience with the
emperor.
 Macartney would have to perform the kowtow,
touching his head to the ground to show respect
to the emperor. Macartney refused.
Offended the Chinese by speaking of the natural
superiority of the English.
The negotitations faltered.
In the 1800s, China would learn that its policy of
ignoring Westerners and their technology would
have undesired consequences.
China and the New Imperialism
The Chinese
Revolution:
From Dynasty
to Communism
FIVE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE
CHINESE REVOLUTION
Opium Wars open China.
Rebellions rock China.
Sun shines democracy over China.
Chaing keeps China in check.
ao chases Chaing, makes China
MCommunist.
O=The Opium Wars Open China
China and the New Imperialism
For
centuries, Chinese regulations had
ensured that China had a favorable balance of
trade with other nations.
A nation’s balance of trade refers to the
difference between how much a country
imports and how much it exports.
 By the 1800s, however, Western nations
were using their growing power to tilt the
balance of trade with East Asia in their favor.
Trade Between Britain and China
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits
on foreign traders.
European merchants were restricted to a small area
in southern China.
China sold them silk, porcelain, and tea in
exchange for gold and silver.
Under this arrangement, China enjoyed a trade
surplus, or exported more than it imported.
Westerners, on the other hand, had a trade deficit
with China, buying more from the Chinese than they
sold to them.
Trade Between Britain and China
By
the late 1700s, two developments were
underway that would transform China’s
relations with the Western world.
First, China entered a period of decline.
Second, the Industrial Revolution created a
need for expanded markets for European
goods.
At the same time, it gave the West superior
military power.
The Opium War
During
the late 1700s, British merchants
began making huge profits by trading opium
grown in India for Chinese tea, which was
popular in Britain.
Soon, many Chinese had become addicted
to the drug.
Silver flowed out of China in payment for
the drug, disrupting the economy.
The Opium War
The
Chinese government outlawed opium
and executed Chinese drug dealers.
They called on Britain to stop the trade.
The British refused, insisting on the right of
free trade.
In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with
British merchants, triggering the Opium War.
 British gunboats, equipped with the latest in
firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and
river ports.
With outdated weapons and fighting
methods, the Chinese were easily defeated.
Unequal Treaties
In
1842, Britain made China accept the
Treaty of Nanjing .
Britain received a huge indemnity, or
payment for losses in the war.
The British also gained the island of
Hong Kong.
China had to open five ports to foreign
trade and grant British citizens in China
extraterritoriality, the right to live under
their own laws and be tried in their own
courts.
Outcome of the Opium Wars
The
Treaty of Nanjing- ended the Opium War in
1852. As a result the British take Hong Kong from
China
Extraterritoriality-British merchants caught
smuggling had to be tried in British courts.
China was reduced to an inferior nation.
The West control “Sphere of Influence” in
China. (China’s major ports)
 Opium Wars open China and ends China’s
Isolation
Rebellions Rock China
Taiping Rebellion, 1853 (Taipings were
converted Christian peasants)
Wanted equality and an end to Qing rule
Over 20 million die as rebellion is put down
with help of foreign powers
R=Rebellions Rock China
BOXER REBELLION
Boxers were anti-Qing and anti-West
peasant Chinese
1900s,
Peasants and workers
wanted to rid China of all
foreign influences
“Death to the Foreign Devils”
 Boxers were defeated by
European powers
S=Sun Shines Democracy Over China
SUN SHINES DEMOCRACY OVER CHINA
Dr.
Sun Yixian overthrows Qing Dynasty and
brings Democracy to China (1912) The Republic of China
Sun’s Three Principles
1) Democracy
2)Nationalism
3)Livelihood ( Industrialization)
The democracy fails because of 3 reasons:
1)They were use to dynasty
 2) Most were uneducated peasants
 3) No national unity
4) The Warlords rule
Mao Zedong starts the Communists Party
Chaing -kia shek puts down the Warlords and rules China
C=Chaing Keeps China in Check
CHAING KEEPS CHINA IN CHECK
Chaing
rules as dictator 1930s & 1940s
Mao and Chaing fight over China and
Chaing wins first civil war (1930s)
Mao takes the Long March-peasants
support Communism
Mao & Communist fight Chaing again
in 1949 and win civil war,
M=Mao Chases Chaing and Makes
China Communist
Mao Chases Chaing, Makes China
Communist
Civil
War ends in 1949/Mao Wins
Chaing kai-shek and Nationalist flee to
Taiwan and establish the Republic of
China.
The US supports Taiwan
The Soviet Union supports Communist
China as it becomes a superpower.
 China develops an atomic bomb 1964
Other Results of the Chinese Revolution
The
Great Leap Forward-A disastrous attempt
by Mao Zedong to catch China up with the
European powers through rapid agricultural
quotas and industrial growth
Great Cultural Revolution- A period of violence
and purging as Mao destroys any resistance to
communist ideology. Brainwashing through Maoist
thought was the result of this period.
Women become equal under communism
Mao Chases Chaing, Makes China
Communist
1972-
Richard Nixon visits China
The US recognizes Communist China
1989-Tianemen Square Pro-Democracy
Student Protest.
Hong Kong is returned, 1998
China wants Taiwan to reunite
China Reforms its Economy
But Limits Freedom
Mao
Zedong dies in 1976
In 1981 Deng Xiaoping becomes leader of
China and sets China on a new path
Deng Xiaoping's major emphasis was to
develop China's economy
His favorite quote to describe his
economic philosophy was, " I don't care if
a cat is black or white as long as it catches
mice."
Tiananmen Square