Transcript warring states period

Chapter 4 Section 4
The Unification of China
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Zhou Dynasty lasted
from 1027 to 256 B.C.
Ended because the
lords of dependent
territories thought of
themselves as
independent kings
Continuous fighting
lead to the “warring
states period”
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Xia (shyah) Dynasty
2000 b.c.
Shang (shawng)
Dynasty 1700 – 1027
b.c.
Confucius and the Social Order
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Scholars and
Philosophers tried to
restore the lost
values: social order,
harmony and respect
for authority.
Confucius Urges Harmony
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551 B.C.
Wanted to restore order
to the chaos that China
had become
Order could be restored if
society was based around
five basic relationships
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ruler and subject
Father and son
Husband and wife
Older brother and
younger brother
Friend and friend
Confucius Urges Harmony Cont.
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Children should practice
filial piety, respect for
parents and ancestors
Confucius wanted to show
rulers how to govern
wisely.
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Duke of Lu appointed him
minister of justice.
He will later resign and teach
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Read page 105
The Analects were written.
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This is a collection of his
words.
Confucian Ideas about Government
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Education could transform a
humbly born person into a
gentleman.
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This belief led to the
beginning of bureaucracy.
 Trained civil service, or
those who run the
government.
 Education was important
to advance in
bureaucracy.
Confucian Ideas about Government Cont.d’
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Confucianism was
never a religion but
an ethical system of
what is right or
wrong.
Foundation of
Chinese
government and
social order
Other Ethical Systems
Different philosophies
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Importance of Nature
Power of Government
A stone sculpture of Laozi,
located north of Quanzhou at the
foot of Mount Qingyuan
Daoists Seek Harmony
 Laozi (low dzuh)
 Natural order (relations
between all living
things) is what is
important
 Believed Dao, “the
Way”, guides all things
Daoists Seek Harmony Cont.d’
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Only humans fail to
follow the Dao
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Read pg 106
Laozi’s philosophy
became known as
Daoism
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Daoists science
contributions:
alchemy,
astronomy, and
medicine.
Legalists Urge Harsh Rule
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Legalists are practical
political thinkers
Believed restoring
order needed an
efficient and powerful
government
Government was key to
restoring order
Hanfeizi and Li Si were
two of the founders
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Rulers should reward
people who do well,
disobedient punished
harshly
Control ideas and
actions.
Burn anything that
might encourage
people to criticize
government
I Ching and Yin and Yang
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People who didn’t follow
philosophy looked
elsewhere for life’s
answers
Some used a book called I
Ching to solve ethical or
practical problems
Threw a set of coins,
interpreted the results,
read the appropriate
oracle (prediction)
I Ching and Yin and Yang Continued
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Others used the
concept of yin and
yang
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Two powers that
together represented
the natural rhythm of
life
Both helped people
see how they fit into
the world
The Qin (chinh) Dynasty Unifies
China
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Qin replaces Zhou
Used Legalist ideas
A New Emperor takes Control
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Shi Huangdi “First
Emperor”
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Stopped internal
battles
Defeated invaders
Doubled China’s size
Determined to unify
China
A New Emperor takes Control Cont.d’
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Crushed political
opposition at home
A new policy called
“strengthening the
trunk and weakening
the branches”
enacted
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What was this?
A New Emperor takes Control Cont.d’
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Murdered Confucius
scholars to prevent
criticism, burned
“useless” books
Autocracy
established
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Government that has
unlimited power and
uses it in an arbitrary
manner
A Program of Centralization
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Built highway
networks
Set standards for
writing, law,
currency, weights
and measures, cart
axles
Irrigation increased
farm production
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Trade grew,
merchants became
prominent
Harsh taxes and
repressive
government made
Qin regime
unpopular
Great Wall of China
Great Wall of China
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Scholars hated Shi
Huangdi for burning
books
Poor people hated
him for forced labor:
work on the wall or
die
Great Wall of China Cont.d’
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Were they in danger
from invaders?
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Some scholars
believe China was not
in danger.
They suggest that Shi
Huangdi knew that
without employment
the soldiers in his
large army might
cause trouble.
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Building the Great
Wall kept them
busy.
It prevented foreign
invasions until
Genghis Kahn
punched his way
through 14
centuries later.
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Do Not Write
Shi
Huangdi’s
After
barely
escaping three Quest for Immorality
attempts on his life, the First
Emperor launched a quest for
immortality.
He summoned magicians to his
palace, hoping they could give
him an elixir.
He scoured the land for the eight
immortals who were said to
know the secret of eternal life.
He avoided the public and
moved secretly through tunnels
connecting his palaces.
Finally, he had several thousand
life-sized terra-cotta soldiers and
horses built and buried to
protect him after death.
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The Shaanxi province gained
worldwide attention in March 1974,
when local farmers uncovered what
would become one of the great
archaeological finds of the 20th
century while drilling for a water
well.
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8,099 life-size terracotta figures of
warriors and horses were buried in a
tomb that was built over two
thousand years ago to protect its
occupant, Qin Shi Huangdi, Emperor
of Qin. In addition to the warriors,
an entire man-made necropolis
(cemetery) was excavated by hand
for the emperor. Construction of this
mausoleum began in 246 BC and is
believed to have taken 700,000
workers and craftsmen 38 years to
complete.
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The emperor was buried near the
350 square meter earthen pyramid
seen behind the warriors. But Qin
Shi Huangdi's tomb has remained
unopened until this day. Excavators
are still searching for a way to
completely seal off the area around
the tomb to prevent corrosion from
exposure to the outside air.
The first emperor of imperial China was Shihuangdi [260-209 BC], known the world round for his lavish necropolis containing an
army made of 7,000 soldiers modeled of terracotta clay. Under excavation since 1974, the site of Shihuangdi's tomb holds three
pits containing life-sized models of individuals including infantry to commanders, charioteers and horses and chariots. The
following photographs were taken during the summer of 2005 by Amy Hirst, who has given her permission to post them here.
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Emperor Qin's Terra Cotta Army, in a storage facility awaiting conservation, and looking like businessmen at an airport
Each of the pits discovered at Shihuangdi's tomb were excavated by the emperor's workers, who first placed a
brick floor, and then built a sequence of rammed earth partitions and tunnels. The floors of the tunnels were
covered with mats, the life-sized statuary was placed erect on the mats and the tunnels were covered with
logs. Finally each pit was buried. In the largest pit (14,000 square meters), the infantry was placed in rows four
deep.
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An overview of the excavated portion of Emperor Shi Huangdi's tomb, Qin Dynasty, China;
the soldiers have been repaired and set in their original positions
The U-shaped Pit 2 was constructed in a similar fashion to Pit 1, with rammed earth partitions and brick floor
tunnels. It was far smaller than Pit 1 (only 6000 square meters), and contains an array of chariots, cavalry and
horses. Note the brick floor apparent in this display of soldiers.
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Arrayed soldiers, Pit 2 of Emperor Qin's terracotta army
The terracotta statues of the infantry soldiers range between 5 foot 8 inches and 6 foot 2 inches; the
commanders are all approximately 6 and half feet tall. The lower half of the kiln-fired ceramic bodies were
made of solid terracotta clay, the upper half were hollow. In this close up of a group of infantry, you can see the
remnants of the vivid paint called Chinese Purple that once decorated each statue.
• Pit 1, Emperor Qin's Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum
Each of the soldier's faces is that of an individual. This seasoned warrior's face is slightly turned to the left, with
a cool confident demeanor, a square jaw and a topknot or cockade
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Close up of soldier in Emperor Qin's terra cotta army, Qin Dynasty, China
Excavators estimate that Emperor Shihuangdi's tomb held 130 wooden chariots, although remnants of only 21
have been found to date. The chariot for this charioteer and his horses has rotted away.
• Life sized terra cotta chariot driver and horse, Qin dynasty, China
Despite over 40 years of archaeological investigations, much of Emperor Shihuangdi’s terracotta
army remains unexcavated. Over 1,000 soldiers have been brought to light to date; archaeologists
estimate there are over 7,000 total.
• An unexcavated portion of Emperor Qin's terracotta army.
In this last photograph, you can see parts of the rotten wood log covering over the tunnels which
still contain more of the Emperor Qin's terracotta army.
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Unexcavated portion of the Emperor Shihuangdi's terracotta army; the form of the
logs covering the tunnels is visible in this photograph
The Fall of the Qin
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Dynasty lasted a
short time
By 202 B.C. Han
dynasty takes over